Japanese Journal of Grassland Science

[title in Japanese]

Article type: Cover
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages Cover4-
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.Cover4

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages App10-
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.App10

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages App11-
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.App11

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Index
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages Toc2-
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.Toc2

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages i-ii
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.i_2

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Grazing Characteristics in the Dwarf Napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) Pasture by Breeding Beef Cows at the First and Second Years after Establishment in Kyushu

Muhammad Mukhtar, Yasuyuki Ishii, Sachiko Idota, Yoichiro Horii, Tatsu ...

Article type: Article
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages 121-131
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.121

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In order to determine grazing characteristics in the dwarf napiergrass pasture under the rotational grazing system, 5 a of pasture established by rooted tillers of dwarf variety of late-heading type (DL) was grazed by 3 head of breeding beef cows in the following 2 years after establishment in 2001 and 2002. Rotational grazing was conducted at 4 and 5 times for about 1-week grazing with 3-weeks and 1-month rest period in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Tiller number increased seasonally from the first through to the fourth or fifth grazing, and herbage dry matter weight reached the peak at the fourth grazing both years, while some characters such as plant height, mean tiller dry matter weight and percentage leaf blade tended to decrease with the grazing. The relationships between pre-grazing tiller number and the increasing rate of tiller number at the following grazing in each row of plots were negatively correlated among 4-5 grazings both years. From the stratified clip method, pre-grazing percentage leaf blades were 100% in the first and second strata counted from the top of canopy and those in the third strata were nearly 95% and 80% in 2001 and 2002, respectively both years. Pre-grazing leaf blades in the top two and in the third strata were consumed perfectly and almost perfectly, respectively both years. Herbage consumption increased with the grazing up to the third and fourth grazing and dropped at the last grazing due to the poor regrowth under the decreasing air temperature both years. Dry matter intake per head averaged 4.3-10.8 kg DM/head/day in 2001 and 6.7-11.4kg DM/head/day (15.5-28.6 g DM/kg LW/day) in 2002. Grazing time on DL napiergrass was stable at 50-60% in daytime at the first grazing day both years, while that at the last grazing daytended to increase with the grazing both years. Thus, liveweights of 3 head of beef cows were maintained in the grazing from the second to the fourth time without concentrate feeding in 2002, when dry matter intake was above 20g DM/kg LW/day.

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Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, Dibenzofurans, and Coplanar Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Dioxins) in Silage Corn : the Influence of Contaminated Soil and Air

Ryuichi Uegaki, Nobuyasu Seike, Heesoo Eun, Masako Ueji

Article type: Article
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages 132-138
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.132

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Silage corn was grown in 2 growth chambers in 2 soils contaminated with 2 concentrations and isomer profiles of dioxins, to analyze how dioxins from soil might contaminate silage corn. The first growth chamber contained 3 pots filled with soil A (containing 4500 pg toxic equivalent quantity [TEQ] g^<-1>) and 3 pots with soil B (20pg-TEQ g^<-1>). The second growth chamber contained 6 pots filled with soil B. The dioxin concentrations in the corn grown in the first chamber were higher than those in the corn grown in the second chamber. All corn grown in the first chamber contained the same dioxin concentration and isomer profile in spite of being grown on different soils. Analysis of dioxin isomer profiles indicated that the corn did not take up dioxins directly from the soil, but was contaminated from the air.

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Effect of Sowing Date on Overwintering and Freezing Tolerance of Horsenettle (Solanum carolinense L.) Seedlings

Tomoko Nishida, Miya Kitagawa, Yoshito Yamamoto

Article type: Article
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages 139-146
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.139

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Studies were conducted to elucidate the possibility of seedling establishment for horsenettle (Solanum carolinense L.) during pasture renovation at the National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science (Tochigi prefecture). Horsenettle seeds were sown in plastic containers that were filled with soil and placed outdoors to investigate the effect of sowing date and condition on overwintering of the weed seedlings. The sowings were conducted on September 4 (SEP4), September 26 (SEP26) and October 15 (OCT15) in 2001 under conditions with (OG) and without (BARE) orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) sown on the same dates as the weed seeds except for OCT15. For OCT 15, the grass seeds were sown on September 26. It was found that the earlier the weed seeds were sown, the higher the cumulative percentage of emergence of the weed was in the year of sowing. Overall the cumulative percentage of emergence of the weed was higher for BARE than that for OG. For OCT15, however, the cumulative percentages of emergence of the weed were nearly zero for both conditions. The percentage of horsenettle that survived the winter was high for SEP4-BARE at 73%, and percentages were below 10% for all other treatments. The freezing tolerance of horsenettle was investigated using seedlings sown on August 13 (AUG) and September 4 (SEP). The seedlings sown on each day were exposed to a temperature of -4℃ for a period of 3, 6, 9 and 12 hours, respectively. Viability for AUG was not reduced even after 12 hours of exposure, whereas the viability for SEP decreased as exposure time increased. A 95% confidence interval for exposure time at which viability was reduced to 10% was estimated to be 12 to 20 hours for SEP. From these findings, it was strongly suggested that the possibility of seedling establishment for horsenettle during pasture renovation would be low in the northern Kanto region and colder areas if sown grasses became established well. It was also suggested that the possibility of establishment of the weed seedlings was lower in colder areas than in warmer ones.

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Foraging Behavior of Cattle in a Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) Pasture : Investigation at a Feeding Station Scale

Shin-ichiro Ogura, Ryoko Sekino, Masahiko Hirata

Article type: Article
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages 147-153
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.147

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The foraging behavior of beef cattle was investigated at a feeding station (FS) scale in a bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Fliigge) pasture with the goal of obtaining detailed information on the foraging responses of cattle to seasons and progressive grazing. Measurements were carried out 3 times daily (0900, 1200 and 1500 h) during 3 seasonal grazing periods (late spring, late summer and mid-autumn; 3-4 days each). The rate of visits to FSs (VR; the number of FSs visited by an animal per unit of time) was low in spring and high in summer. It fell from initially high levels over the course of autumn grazing. Despite the seasonal change in VR, cows moved between FSs mostly with one step throughout the year, indicating that VR was affected mainly by the duration of time spent at individual FSs. In fact, VR showed a highly negative correlation with number of bites (bites/FS) and residence time (sec/FS) at a FS (both P<0.001). Biting rates (bites/min) were relatively stable over seasons, showing the highest values in autumn. Based on these results and previous reports, responses of foraging behavior variables to heterogeneous vegetation were discussed with respect to spatial distribution of herbage availability and seasonal changes in the quantity-quality relationships of herbage in the pasture.

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Practicability of Corn Cultivation under Partial Tillage with Slurry as Topdressing

Ryoji Kobayashi, Koji Tateno, Seturo Sato

Article type: Article
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages 154-158
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.154

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We evaluated the method of corn cultivation with partial tillage and farm waste slurry spread as topdressing. Partial tillage plots were made by combining treatments of sowing time, preceding crop species, and herbicide application. We compared the yields of crops in partial tillage plots, in which there were varying amounts of standing dead plant matter derived from the preceding crops, with those of plots with conventional tillage and topdressing compound fertilizer. Higher corn yield in partial tillage plots was obtained by seeding in May than April, by seeding after oats than Italian ryegrass, and by herbicide application. There was a significant, negative correlation between corn yield and amount of standing dead plant matter from the preceding crop. Althogh corn yield decreased to 34% compared with the control plot by trampling of the wheels of the vacuum tanker used for spreading the slurry, adherent slurry harmed only a small portion of the corn plant. These results suggest that corn cultivation under partial tillage could be improved by choosing the preceding crop species, optimizing planting time, and earlier applying herbicide to decrease regrowth of the preceding crop. This cultivation seems practical under conditions in Kyushu district.

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Effect of Cultural Control on the Yield of Corn Sown by Partial Tillage Seeder into an Italian Ryegrass Sward in April

Ryoji Kobayashi, Koji Tateno, Seturo Sato

Article type: Article
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages 159-163
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.159

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With a partial tillage seeder that we invented, we planted corn into an Italian ryegrass sward after the first harvest in April, and examined the effect of fertilizer rate and cutting of ryegrass regrowth on corn yield. Since ryegrass regrowth was remarkable in the plot where hebicide was not sprayed regardless of the rate of fertilizer applied to the corn, the early growth of the corn was delayed by shading. Consequently, the yield was much less than the plot where herbicide was sprayed. Cutting the ryegrass was not effective either: the corn yield in the plot where ryegrass was cut 3 times was below 50% of the yield of the control plot, which was sown by conventional tillage. These results indicate that improvement of yield of corn sown by the machine requires that Italian ryegrass be depressed by inter-row cultivation or foliar application of herbicide.

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Suppression of Italian Ryegrass Regrowth in Corn Sown by Partial Tillage Seeder after Harvest of the First Crop of Ryegrass

Ryoji Kobayashi, Koji Tateno, Seturo Sato

Article type: Article
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages 164-168
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.164

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To develop a cropping system consisting of Italian ryegrass+corn+corn in the Kyushu region, we examined how to suppress ryegrass regrowth in a field into which corn was directly sown in April with a partial tillage seeder that we invented. Corn yield did not decline greatly in the plots where the Italian ryegrass was cut and removed and then sprayed herbicide, even if spraying was delayed until 30 days after sowing. We compared Italian ryegrass control by inter-row cultivation and by herbicide spraying on the 22nd day after sowing. (The herbicide used requires about 1 week to take effect.) The yield was less in the plot where the Italian ryegrass was controlled by inter-row cultivation. Partial tillage seeding followed by foliar application of herbicide up to 3 weeks after sowing seemed to result in yields of more than 90% of that achieved by conventional tillage.

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Selection for Summer Grazing of High Nutritive Annual Grass in Warm Area, Japan

Yoshito Yamamoto, Kazumasa Shindo, Koji Hagino, Yuji Nakanishi, Kiyosh ...

Article type: Article
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages 169-173
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.169

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Annual dry matter production and herbage consumption of four annual grass species as summer grazing pasture rotationally grazed by breeding beef cows were quantified in low land of Kyushu region, Japan. Annual herbage production and consumption of guineagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) were higher than those of other species. And guineagrass showed highest average stem density. Crude protein and estimated total digestible nutrients contents of four species were high in spring, then decreased gradually thereafter and maintain about 20% and 60% on dry matter respectively. In the mention above, it was suggested that guineagrass was suitable species as high nutritive grass for summer grazing in warm area, Japan.

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Variation and Distribution of Endophytic Fungus, Neotyphodium typhinum, Isolated from Agropyron ciliare var. minus (Aokamojigusa) around the Coast Land of Lake Biwa

Naoki Yanagida, Noriko Baba, Akitoshi Tajimi, Makoto Ueda, Yuka Noishi ...

Article type: Article
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages 174-179
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.174

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Seeds of Agropyron ciliare var. minus (=Elymus racemifer) were collected at the coast land around Lake Biwa, and tested for mycelial infection of the aleurone layer with Aniline Blue staining method. Most of seed samples showed high infection levels (more than 50% in fected), except for four samples from Adogawa and Wanigawa (west coast), Anegawa (north coast), and Serikawa (east coast). When fungal endophytes were isolated on PDA medium, some developed straight-type mycelia, while others developed waved-type mycelia. Because both types of mycelium produced Acremonium-type conidia, they could be Neotyphodium endophytes. Waved-type endophyte prevailed over straight-type in the coastal distribution. Straight-type endophyte could not be detected on west coast land and Okishima Island. Plants harboured with each type of endophyte, i.e. straight-type or waved-type, developed choke symptoms in spring.

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Artificial Infection of Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multifiorum Lam.) with Neotyphodium uncinatum

Eri Kasai, Tohru Sasaki, Hiroshi Okazaki

Article type: Article
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages 180-186
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.180

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The endophyte of meadow fescue, Neotyphodium uncinatum, is considered to produce no mammalian toxins, but produce metabolites giving insect resistance and other ecological benefits. Endophyte-free seedlings of Italian ryegrass were inoculated with N. uncinatum. Two months after the inoculation, 89.4% of inoculated plants maintained on 1/2MS medium were alive, whereas 61.7% maintained on water agar. Hyphae of TV. uncinatum were present in leaf sheaths of 2.8% of the seedlings maintained on water agar and 8.8% of those maintained on 1/2MS medium. Open pollinated seeds were tested for the presence of endophyte, and 23 out of 25 plants were infected. We grew seedlings from these plants and observed hyphae in the leaf sheaths. The hyphae isolated from leaf sheaths of these seedlings was confirmed as N. uncinatum.

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Successive Changes of the Choke Disease Incidence in Clonal Lines of Agropyron ciliare var. minus (=Elymus racemifer, Aokamojigusa)

Akitoshi Tajimi, Naoki Yanagida, Mamiko Nishikawa, Keiko Nakanishi, Ri ...

Article type: Article
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages 187-193
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.187

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The choke incidence was investigated using ten clonal lines from seven seed lots of the plants. The choke disease of Agropyron ciliare var. minus (=Elymus racemifer) is caused by Epichloe typhina, also known as endophytic fungus (Acremonium typhinum, or Neotyphodium typhinum) in the host tissue. A bud from the base of choked stem was transplanted in autumn and observed on the choke incidence in the next flowering season. The transplanting started in 1999 and was repeated for three consecutive years, from 2000 to 2002. In 2003, from the observed results, ten clonal lines were divided into four categories on the choke incidence: they were, 1) choke disease incidence did not increased, 2) increased suddenly, 3) increased gradually, and 4) choke incidence fixed and plant dwarfed. By chemical treatments in autumn, the choked and dwarfed plants became free from the endophytic fungus and headed normally in the next flowering season.

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Horsenettle (Solarium carolinense L.) Diffusion through Rotary Tilling in Invaded Cornfields

Shuji Urakawa, Isamu Koide

Article type: Article
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages 194-200
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.194

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Response in the growth of horsenettle with rotary tilling and chemical treatment was examined on its small root fragments planted in small containers and cornfield. The number of the shoot appearance was also plotted for 4 years in the cornfield after the weed was experimentally planted. The rotary tilling induced to spread lots of about 10cm long root fragments around 15cm depth in the soil. From over 1 cm long fragments planted in the small container new shoots appeared above the ground within 30 days. Chemical treatment of atrazin-metolachlor (3/ha^<-1>) had no effects on shoot number and regrowth of that weed root fragments. The root system which extends from root fragment planted in the cornfield has grown to 7g dry weight and its tap root showed about 120cm length at the corn harvesting time. Only three root fragments planted in the cornfield increased to 21 and 218 shoots year by year as the cornfield was rotary tilled with a rotary cultivator every year before seeding. Over 900 shoots of the plants were counted after four years.

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Spatiotemporal Dynamics in Herbage Mass and Tiller Density in a Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) Pasture under Cattle Grazing : Results from 4-year Monitoring in Permanent Quadrats

Masahiko Hirata, Wempie Pakiding

Article type: Article
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages 201-204
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.201

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The Estimation Method of the β-Carotene Content of Feed Rice Plant (Oryza sativa L.) Using SPAD-502

Hiroshi Hiraoka, Yasunari Yamamoto, Shuji Urakawa, Harutoshi Yamada, Y ...

Article type: Article
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages 205-207
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.205

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Effects of Calcium Application Period on Reduction of Salt Stress in Seedlings of Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and Reed Canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.)

Yoshiyuki Maeda

Article type: Article
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages 208-210
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.208

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Development of a Parallel Unloading Device for Wrap Silo Mounting with a Self-propelled Bale Wrapper

Shuji Urakawa, Yuushi Yoshimura, Hiroshi Hiraoka, Masanobu Okumura

Article type: Article
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages 211-213
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.211

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Introduction for the Special Feature(<Special Feature>Functions of Environmental Conservation on Grassland)

Toshihiro Sugiura

Article type: Article
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages 214-216
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.214

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Functions of Pasture Environment with Respect to Green Tourism and Farm for School(<Special Feature>Functions of Environmental Conservation on Grassland)

Junkoh Maruyama, Taizo Uchida

Article type: Article
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages 217-222
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.217

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Grassland as Landscape(<Special Feature>Functions of Environmental Conservation on Grassland)

Hiroyuki Sasaki

Article type: Article
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages 223-226
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.223

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Land Conservation Function of Grasslands and its Utilization and Recovery(<Special Feature>Functions of Environmental Conservation on Grassland)

Hiroshi Yamamoto

Article type: Article
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages 227-232
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.227

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Grassland as a Wildlife Habitat(<Special Feature>Functions of Environmental Conservation on Grassland)

Toshihiro Sugiura

Article type: Article
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages 233-238
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.233

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages 239-241
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.239

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages 242-
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.242

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages App12-
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.App12

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages App13-
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.App13

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages App14-
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.App14

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Cover
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages Cover5-
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.Cover5

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Cover
2004 Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages Cover6-
Published: June 15, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14941/grass.50.Cover6

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