Heritage geography, as an interdisciplinary field integrating geography and cultural heritage studies, focuses on the spatial patterns, evolutionary mechanisms, and social effects of cultural and natural heritage, playing a crucial role in promoting cultural diversity conservation and achieving spatial justice. In recent years, the rapid advancement of digital and information technologies has provided new approaches for spatial representation and intelligent management of heritage sites; the expansion of heritage tourism has highlighted the significance of place identity reconstruction and community participation; vulnerability assessments of heritage sites under global change have offered scientific support for risk governance and adaptive management; and issues of spatial justice concerning multicultural heritage and marginalized groups have further expanded scholarly understanding of cultural diversity and social equity. This article systematically reviews these frontier issues in heritage geography, aiming to reveal its theoretical value and practical significance, and to provide academic reference and developmental directions for future research.

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Long-term fertilization significantly affects the forms, distribution, availability, and environmental effects of soil phosphorus in farmland, exerting profound impacts on agricultural production and ecological environments. This paper systematically reviews the major forms and biogeochemical behaviors of soil phosphorus, with a focus on the regulatory mechanisms of different fertilization practices (chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizers, and their combinations) on soil phosphorus content, transformation, and bioavailability. Based on studies on crop uptake and yields, the paper elucidates the patterns of how long-term fertilization influences soil phosphorus supply capacity. It also thoroughly evaluates the accumulation and migration characteristics of phosphorus in soil profiles and their potential environmental risks, particularly the association between phosphorus loss and water eutrophication. Furthermore, the paper discusses the significance of optimizing fertilization structures and phosphorus management strategies in achieving sustainable agricultural development and proposes technical approaches and policy recommendations to mitigate phosphorus-related environmental issues. By summarizing the research progress on soil phosphorus under long-term fertilization, this paper aims to provide valuable insights for improving phosphorus use efficiency, ensuring food security, and reducing environmental pollution.

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Against the backdrop of intensifying global climate change, agricultural resource systems are confronting unprecedented challenges and uncertainties. A systematic assessment of the multifaceted impacts of climate change on these systems is essential for ensuring food security, promoting sustainable resource utilization, and enhancing agricultural resilience. This article focuses on four key frontier topics: resilience assessment of farming systems under extreme weather events, refined management and optimal allocation of agricultural water resources, coupled regulation of soil carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions, and the integrated application of artificial intelligence, big data, and remote sensing technologies in agricultural climate impact assessment. By reviewing recent research progress and key technological pathways, the study highlights the critical role of interdisciplinary integration and intelligent approaches in climate adaptation and mitigation strategies for agriculture. The purpose of this article is to provide a theoretical foundation and technical support for the scientific assessment and policy formulation of agricultural resource systems under climate change, thereby contributing to the development of a more resilient, intelligent, and sustainable agricultural future.

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As a vital pillar supporting high-quality regional economic development, regional characteristic industries are facing an increasingly complex external environment and multidimensional transformation pressures. Based on a comprehensive review of relevant research, this paper focuses on four frontier issues in the development of regional characteristic industries: the empowerment of digital technologies and enhancement of industrial resilience, green and low-carbon transformation, along with the restructuring of carbon management mechanisms, activation of cultural genes and brand value creation, and high-level integration into global value chains. By systematically analyzing the internal logic, key challenges, and developmental trends of these issues, this paper aims to construct a theoretical framework and strategic pathways for the sustainable development of regional characteristic industries, thereby enhancing their capacity for innovation, competitive advantage, and risk resilience.

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As an interdisciplinary field that explores the geographical environment, human–land relationships, and their evolution during historical periods, historical geography has undergone a continuous development from empirical observation to theoretical construction. This paper systematically reviews the origins, developmental trajectory, and disciplinary framework of historical geography, with a focus on its core research areas, including environmental change and its driving mechanisms, the spatial dimensions of historical human–land interactions, transformations in economic geography and social spatial structures, cultural transmission routes, and the historical development of towns. It also summarizes commonly used research methods in the field, particularly the application of Geographic Information Systems in historical reconstruction and analysis, the deepening of historical textual analysis, and the innovative potential of artificial intelligence in data mining and pattern recognition. Moreover, the paper highlights cutting-edge issues and hot topics such as the historical geography perspective on global climate change, new advances in historical ecological studies, spatial expressions of cultural heritage conservation, and regional characteristics and implications of urbanization history. Based on this analysis, the paper further explores the theoretical value and practical significance of historical geography in regional planning, ecological conservation, and responses to global change. By providing a comprehensive overview of the current status and future directions of the discipline, this paper aims to offer theoretical guidance and innovative perspectives for researchers in historical geography.

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Amidst profound transformations in the global economic, political, and technological landscape, trade geography—an important interdisciplinary field at the intersection of geography and economics—has played an increasingly prominent role in analyzing global trade dynamics and the evolution of spatial organization. This paper focuses on the core issues in contemporary trade geography. It systematically reviews five key frontier areas: the restructuring of global value chains, cross-border e-commerce and digital trade, the impact of shifting geopolitical patterns on trade flows, the spatial transformation of trade under climate change and green transition, and the spatial organization of trade in services. On this basis, it delves into the profound transformation of global trade patterns driven by technological innovation, geopolitical realignment, environmental regulations, and the reconfiguration of global value chains, highlighting their far-reaching impacts on trade spatial structures. Through the exploration and analysis of these frontier topics, this paper aims to provide new theoretical perspectives and analytical frameworks for the academic community, thereby contributing to the further development and refinement of trade geography as a theoretical system.

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As an important interdisciplinary field bridging geography and the social sciences, behavioral geography seeks to uncover the mechanisms of human perception, cognition, and decision-making in spatial environments. It has moved beyond the limitations of traditional rational behavior models, contributing significantly to the theoretical and practical evolution of geography. In recent years, with the rapid advancement of big data, artificial intelligence, and geographic information technologies, the research paradigm of behavioral geography has undergone a profound transformation, highlighting emerging trends such as data-driven analysis, intelligent modeling, and equity-oriented approaches. This paper systematically reviews four cutting-edge research directions in contemporary behavioral geography: individual spatial behavior modeling based on big data, the integration of behavioral geography and artificial intelligence, analysis of human response behavior in disaster scenarios, and the study of spatial justice and behavioral constraints among vulnerable groups. The aim is to provide new theoretical perspectives for understanding human–environment interactions and to offer scientific evidence and decision-making support for urban governance, disaster management, and public policy development.

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Soil microorganisms play a central role in ecosystem services, contributing to improved crop productivity, mitigation of continuous cropping obstacles, protection of water quality, enhancement of human health, increased carbon sequestration, and alleviation of climate change. In recent years, the soil microbiome has emerged as a critical area in soil health assessment, offering novel directions for developing biological indicators and constructing soil health evaluation systems. In arid regions, the microbiome exhibits distinct regional characteristics, significantly influencing sustainable agricultural development through its involvement in nutrient cycling, water utilization, and ecosystem functionality. However, research on the relationship between soil microorganisms and soil health in arid areas faces numerous challenges, such as insufficient exploration of region-specific mechanisms and limitations in applying cross-scale analytical methods. This paper systematically reviews the functional mechanisms of soil microorganisms in ecosystem services, summarizes the development and application of the microbiome as an indicator for soil health evaluation, and highlights the research progress and knowledge gaps in understanding soil microorganisms and soil health in arid regions. The findings aim to provide theoretical support and technical guidance for future research and offer a scientific basis for sustainable agricultural development in arid regions and global climate change adaptation strategies.

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Against the backdrop of profound transformations in the global economic landscape and an increasingly complex and uncertain trade environment, it is becoming increasingly important to examine trade uncertainty from a geographical perspective. This paper systematically analyzes the spatial origins and mechanisms of trade uncertainty through four key dimensions: geopolitical geography, supply chain geography, physical geography and environmental risks, and cultural and institutional geography. The findings highlight that national geographic location and geopolitical attributes play a crucial role in shaping exposure to trade risks; the spatial concentration of global supply chains and the geographical vulnerability of transport corridors enable local shocks to escalate into global trade crises; climate change and the uneven distribution of natural resources further exacerbate uncertainties in supply stability; and cultural heterogeneity and institutional differences generate intangible transaction costs and institutional frictions. This paper aims to construct a multidimensional geographical analytical framework to deepen the understanding of the causes and manifestations of trade uncertainty, thereby providing theoretical support and spatial strategic guidance for enhancing global trade resilience and policy responsiveness.

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Against the backdrop of profound shifts in the global geopolitical landscape and escalating climate crises, the world economy is facing increasingly complex challenges of uncertainty. This paper adopts a geographical perspective to systematically explore five key dimensions: the spatial distribution of resources and geopolitical risks, strategic geographical corridors and global supply chain resilience, geographic proximity and regional economic integration/fragmentation, climate-induced geographic vulnerability, and regional development imbalances with associated socioeconomic risks. The study reveals that geographical factors not only shape the spatial structure of global economic activities but also act as critical conduits for the transmission and amplification of risks during major crises. The purpose of this paper is to provide a geographical analytical framework for understanding and addressing global economic uncertainty, thereby contributing to the development of a more resilient, equitable, and sustainable system of global economic governance.

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As a vital subdiscipline of geography, geomorphology investigates the formation, evolution, and spatial organization of Earth’s surface features, along with their intricate interactions with environmental systems such as climate, hydrology, and ecology. This study offers a systematic review of the historical trajectory and disciplinary framework of geomorphology, delineating its core domains—including landform classification, formation mechanisms, geomorphic process modeling, and terrain–environment coupling analysis. Special emphasis is placed on recent methodological advancements, particularly the integration of traditional geomorphic theories with cutting-edge digital technologies such as digital elevation modeling, big data analytics, remote sensing, and artificial intelligence. The paper further identifies emerging research frontiers, including the geomorphic impacts of extreme climate events, anthropogenic modifications to landform processes, developments in planetary geomorphology, and geomorphic responses to global environmental change. In addition, the practical applications of geomorphological research are highlighted in areas such as disaster risk reduction, resource and environmental management, and ecological restoration. Finally, based on current knowledge gaps and evolving scientific demands, the paper outlines prospective pathways for interdisciplinary integration and comprehensive investigations to promote both theoretical innovation and practical advancement in the field.

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As a core interdisciplinary branch of geography and tourism studies, tourism geography has long been dedicated to analyzing the spatial processes, regional responses, and complex mechanisms of tourism activities, gradually forming a distinctive theoretical system and methodological framework. This paper focuses on five major frontier topics in current disciplinary development: spatial cognition and intelligent simulation driven by digital transformation, the construction of tourism system resilience under multiple disturbances, the spatial coupling mechanisms of multi-scalar tourism flows, tourism-led restructuring processes of rural spaces, and the co-evolutionary pathways of tourism and ecosystems. By systematically reviewing the paradigm shifts and innovative research trajectories of tourism geography, this paper aims to distill key frontier directions and construct an integrated framework for understanding complex tourism systems, thereby providing theoretical support and practical references for future academic research and policy-making.

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As an interdisciplinary field integrating soil science and geography, soil geography has increasingly demonstrated significant academic and practical value in areas such as global environmental change, sustainable land use, and ecosystem management. This paper provides a systematic overview of the core research themes and recent advances in soil geography, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms of soil formation and evolution under extreme environmental conditions, the impacts of land use change on soil properties and spatial heterogeneity, and the innovative applications of digital soil mapping and intelligent modeling technologies. In the face of global challenges such as climate change, land degradation, imbalances in biogeochemical cycles, and the decline of ecosystem services, accurately identifying soil characteristics and their spatial variability has become essential for advancing sustainable agriculture, ecological restoration, carbon sequestration, and the efficient management of land resources. This paper aims to explore the current research landscape and emerging trends in soil geography, identify key scientific questions that require urgent attention, and provide theoretical support and decision-making references for the sustainable use of soil resources and the maintenance of ecosystem stability in the context of global change.

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Soil pore structure is a critical indicator of soil quality and ecological functions, directly influencing the transport processes of water, nutrients, and gases, as well as microbial activity in the soil. This paper provides a systematic review of the fundamental concepts, types, and measurement methods of soil pore structure, with a focus on the regulatory mechanisms driven by natural factors and human interventions. In particular, the study explores the impact mechanisms of different tillage practices (e.g., conventional tillage, no-tillage, deep tillage) on soil pore structure from physical, chemical, and biological perspectives, highlighting their short-term responses and long-term evolution characteristics. Additionally, the paper examines the influence of regional climate, soil types, and cropping systems on the regulatory patterns of tillage practices. Based on these findings, the paper proposes strategies to optimize tillage practices for improving soil pore structure, including the design of adaptive tillage systems, the development of key technologies, and their practical application. Finally, it summarizes the current research progress and challenges while identifying future research priorities. This paper provides practical insights for optimizing tillage practices, improving soil quality, and promoting sustainable agricultural development.

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With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI), cultural heritage conservation and inheritance have entered a new stage characterized by intelligence and systematization. This paper systematically explores the multifaceted applications of AI in the field of cultural heritage, focusing on four representative frontier research topics. First, cultural heritage restoration and digital revitalization based on generative adversarial networks and diffusion models are driving a shift from physical repair to intelligent reconstruction, emphasizing stylistic consistency and semantic restoration. Second, multimodal AI-powered technologies for the recognition and documentation of intangible cultural heritage integrate speech, vision, and language to achieve fine-grained perception and structured representation of dynamic cultural expressions. Third, reinforcement learning-driven intelligent management systems offer efficient and sustainable decision support for visitor flow regulation, microenvironment control, and immersive guiding at heritage sites. Fourth, cross-lingual and cross-cultural knowledge graphs and intelligent question-answering systems break down information barriers, enabling the global sharing and integration of cultural heritage resources. By analyzing these key topics, this paper aims to reveal the theoretical progress and technological trends in AI-empowered cultural heritage conservation, providing systematic insights and theoretical support for interdisciplinary development and future research in the field.

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Focusing on the regional resources–population–economy coupling system, this study systematically reviews the multi-scale interaction mechanisms between urban agglomerations and peripheral areas, with particular attention to the complex spatial coupling and evolutionary characteristics of resource endowments, population mobility, and economic structures. In light of advancements in big data and artificial intelligence, this highlights the advantages of multi-source heterogeneous data in the dynamic monitoring of coupling systems, and emphasizes the critical role of machine learning algorithms in uncovering nonlinear coupling patterns and enabling dynamic prediction and simulation. By constructing a multi-center structural model and an integrated framework of “scenario prediction–feedback regulation–dynamic evaluation,” this paper reveals the underlying mechanisms and technical pathways for promoting regional coordination and intelligent governance. The study aims to provide theoretical support and technical guidance for optimizing regional resource allocation and enhancing the synergistic development capacity of population and economic systems, thereby contributing to the achievement of high-quality and sustainable development goals.

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Against the backdrop of intensified global climate change and increasing uncertainty in water resource systems, artificial intelligence (AI) and big data technologies are profoundly reshaping research paradigms in hydrology and geography. This paper systematically reviews key advances in the application of AI and big data to water resource modeling, simulation, and management, with a focus on four frontier areas: spatiotemporal dynamics modeling and forecasting of water resources, identification and early warning of extreme hydrological events, assessment of system vulnerability and adaptability, and intelligent optimization of hydrological-geographical models. The study reveals that AI demonstrates significant advantages in handling nonlinear, multi-source, and heterogeneous data. In contrast, big data technologies enhance the extraction and integration of long-term time series and spatial heterogeneity features. The synergistic development of these technologies is driving a paradigm shift in water resource research from traditional experience-driven approaches to intelligent computation-driven frameworks, thereby enhancing the understanding and management of complex hydrological systems. Looking ahead, building intelligent model systems that integrate physical mechanisms with data-driven approaches is a critical pathway to achieving sustainable water resource utilization and strengthening the explanatory power and decision-support capacity of geographical science.

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Ecosystems and biodiversity form the core foundation of Earth’s life support system and are vital for sustaining human development and ensuring ecological security. With the intensification of global environmental change, understanding the dynamic responses and adaptive mechanisms of ecosystems to climate warming, extreme weather events, and anthropogenic disturbances has become a central focus of modern ecological research. This paper systematically reviews and critically analyzes five cutting-edge research topics in the field of ecosystems and biodiversity: (1) the spatiotemporal dynamics and regulatory mechanisms of ecosystem structure and function under global change scenarios; (2) the multidimensional mechanisms and scale dependence of biodiversity–ecosystem function relationships; (3) theoretical frameworks and practical advances in ecosystem service assessment and natural capital quantification; (4) the pivotal role of microbial diversity in maintaining ecosystem material-energy cycling and stability; and (5) the scientific basis and application potential of Nature-based Solutions in ecological conservation, restoration, and climate change mitigation. Furthermore, this paper identifies key theoretical bottlenecks and methodological challenges in current research and, from a multidisciplinary perspective, outlines future directions and integrated approaches to foster innovation. The goal is to provide scientific support for adaptive ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation policy-making.

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Quaternary studies focus on the evolution of Earth’s environment during the Quaternary period and are characterized by strong interdisciplinarity and comprehensiveness. This field encompasses various aspects, including crustal movement, climate change, sedimentary environments, biological succession, and stratigraphic division and correlation, serving as a key discipline for understanding environmental changes and their driving mechanisms. This paper systematically reviews the research background and disciplinary development of Quaternary studies, clarifies the spatiotemporal framework of the Quaternary period and major environmental events, and summarizes key research topics such as crustal movement, climate change, sedimentary environments, and ecosystem evolution. The study further analyzes the technical foundation of Quaternary research, including geological and geomorphological surveys, precise dating techniques, and multidisciplinary environmental reconstruction methods. In response to the current demands for global climate change research, this paper explores the scientific significance of Quaternary studies in understanding modern climate and environmental changes, as well as their practical applications in resource development and geological hazard prevention. Finally, the study provides an outlook on the frontiers and future directions of Quaternary research, highlighting the importance of technological innovation, interdisciplinary collaboration, and data integration in advancing the field. This paper aims to comprehensively summarize the current status of Quaternary studies, reveal their scientific and practical value, and offer systematic references for future research.

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As a vital branch of physical geography, plant geography focuses on the reciprocal interactions between vegetation and geographic environments as well as their spatiotemporal evolution, playing a crucial role in understanding the distribution patterns of global biodiversity and the adaptive evolution of ecosystems. This paper reviews several key frontier areas in current plant geography research, including multi-scale patterns of plant diversity and their environmental drivers, dynamics of plant distribution under global change and future scenario projections, phylogeographic evolution and paleogeographic reconstruction, impacts of human activities (e.g., urbanization) on plant geographic patterns, and the coupling between plant functional traits and geographic distributions with their ecological implications. Based on these themes, the paper further synthesizes trends in theoretical framework development and innovations in key technical approaches, with particular emphasis on the integration of multi-source heterogeneous data, cross-scale correlation analysis, and functional trait-based mechanistic interpretation as core drivers of disciplinary advancement. This paper aims to provide a theoretical foundation and methodological reference for future in-depth research and interdisciplinary integration in plant geography.

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Amid intensified global climate change, ongoing urbanization, and increasingly frequent exploitation of marine resources, marine geographical systems are exhibiting highly complex multidimensional interactions and rapid evolution, driving marine geography toward deeper theoretical exploration and methodological innovation. This paper focuses on the core scientific issues currently confronting marine geography, including the competitive use of marine resources, the vulnerability response mechanisms of ecosystems, and the complexity of multi-actor spatial governance. It systematically reviews the latest advancements in multi-scale integrated analysis, technology-driven evolution modeling, and coordinated regulation through policy tools. A multi-scale research framework that integrates natural geographical processes, socio-cultural drivers, and advanced geospatial technologies is proposed, aiming to provide systematic guidance and strategic reference for the future development of marine geography.

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Soil aggregates are fundamental units of soil structure, playing a crucial role in maintaining soil fertility, regulating ecosystem functions, and promoting environmental protection. This paper comprehensively reviews the development of research on soil aggregates, systematically summarizes aggregate fractionation methods and particle size classification techniques, and analyzes their applicability and limitations in different research contexts. By examining the structural units and key properties of aggregates, the study focuses on the roles of mineral particles, organic matter, iron oxides, and biological activities in the mechanisms of aggregate formation, highlighting the distinct driving forces behind the formation and stabilization of microaggregates and macroaggregates, including the synergistic effects of microscopic chemical reactions and macroscopic physical-mechanical processes. Furthermore, the paper investigates the specific effects of dynamic changes in pH, cation concentration, and redox conditions on aggregate formation and stability in two typical environments: paddy soils and riparian soils. These analyses elucidate how such environmental factors regulate the structural evolution of aggregates in specialized soil systems. Finally, the paper summarizes the major advancements and challenges in current soil aggregate research and explores its potential applications in soil resource management and ecological protection. By enhancing the understanding of the mechanisms underlying aggregate formation and stabilization, particularly under unique environmental conditions, this paper aims to provide scientific insights for the development of effective soil management strategies and the improvement of soil health.

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Research on landform evolution has undergone fundamental transformations in theoretical frameworks and methodologies in recent years. The integration of multi-source data, such as high-resolution remote sensing, LiDAR, and geophysical surveys, with machine learning algorithms has significantly enhanced the analysis of geomorphic processes, driving the rapid development of data-driven studies. Investigations into rapid landscape changes induced by extreme events (e.g., catastrophic floods, large-scale landslides) have challenged the traditional paradigm of “uniformitarianism,” highlighting the critical role of abrupt processes in shaping surface patterns and promoting the establishment of a “catastrophism-uniformitarianism” coupling theory. Multi-process coupling studies have revealed the nonlinear interaction mechanisms among hydrological, gravitational, glacial, aeolian, and biogeomorphic forces under varying conditions. The application of quantitative techniques such as cosmogenic nuclide dating and optically stimulated luminescence dating has shifted landform evolution analysis from qualitative inference to high-precision quantification, greatly improving the resolution of long-term evolutionary histories. This paper summarizes frontier advances and challenges, explores future research pathways integrating data and physical models, and provides theoretical and methodological support for understanding surface system evolution and its responses to climate change.

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Cultural geography, as a vital branch of geography, investigates the spatial distribution and diffusion of cultural phenomena and their complex interactions with natural and social environments. This field has undergone a transformation and expansion from traditional regional geography to interdisciplinary research, establishing a systematic theoretical framework and diverse research paradigms. This paper reviews the theoretical foundations of cultural geography, elaborates on its primary research paradigms and academic context, and summarizes core research areas, including cultural landscapes, cultural diffusion, cultural regions, linguistic geography, religious geography, and ethnic cultures, highlighting recent advancements in these domains. Furthermore, it examines the interactions between cultural geography and the environment, particularly in the context of global climate change, cultural globalization, and sustainable development, emphasizing adaptation and challenges. The paper also explores the practical value and cutting-edge directions of cultural geography in areas such as cultural industry development, cultural heritage preservation, and the application of big data and artificial intelligence technologies. Finally, this paper summarizes the research hotspots and future trends in cultural geography, proposing potential development paths and methodological innovations. This paper aims to provide a systematic reference for advancing theoretical research and practical exploration in cultural geography, fostering academic exchange and sustainable development in the field.

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As a core discipline for revealing Earth’s history’s evolutionary processes and driving mechanisms, palaeogeography holds an irreplaceable position in understanding global climate change, biodiversity turnover, and the coupled evolution of Earth’s multiple spheres. In recent years, palaeogeographic research has shown a trend toward interdisciplinary integration and methodological convergence, driving a rapid transition from traditional qualitative mapping to high-precision, dynamic, and quantitative simulations. This paper systematically reviews six major frontier research directions in palaeogeography: (1) innovative breakthroughs in high-resolution palaeogeographic reconstruction techniques; (2) studies on the coupling mechanisms between plate tectonics and sedimentary environment evolution; (3) deep mechanisms of palaeogeographic patterns influencing paleoclimate changes and biotic evolution; (4) quantitative coupling simulation of resource accumulation processes and palaeogeographic evolution; and (5) feedback relationships between the carbon cycle and palaeogeographic patterns on deep-time scales. These advances demonstrate the deepening of palaeogeographic theoretical frameworks and innovation in technical approaches, but also mark the entry of the field into a new stage of integrated development driven by big data, artificial intelligence, and Earth system models. This paper aims to provide a systematic theoretical framework and forward-looking research directions for the continued advancement of palaeogeography.

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Commercial geography, bridging geography and economics, examines the spatial organization of economic activities. Amid globalization, digital transformation, and sustainability goals, the field is rapidly evolving. This paper reviews five key research areas: (1) spatial restructuring in the digital economy, (2) supply chain and value chain shifts driven by geopolitics and green transition, (3) impacts of green logistics and circular economy, (4) regeneration of commercial spaces in urban renewal, and (5) AI’s role in reshaping geographic theories. The paper highlights new theoretical insights and practical applications, supporting interdisciplinary integration and spatial governance.

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In recent years, the continuous rise in Japanese rice prices has highlighted the multiple pressures and structural challenges facing the agricultural production system. From a geographical perspective, this paper analyzes the complex causes behind the price increase, emphasizing the interactive mechanisms among natural, social, economic, and policy-related factors. The findings reveal that the increasing frequency of extreme weather events and intensified land resource pressure have significantly undermined the stability of rice cultivation. On the production side, structural vulnerabilities have been exacerbated by an aging agricultural workforce, rising input costs, and the institutional inertia of historical agricultural policies. On the demand side, the recovery of tourism and the expansion of the food service industry have driven up consumption, while Japanese consumers’ long-standing preference for domestically grown rice has contributed to sustained market demand. Trade protection measures—particularly high tariffs and import quota systems—have constrained the market’s capacity for external adjustment, further intensifying price pressures. Additionally, inefficiencies in the distribution system and delayed government interventions have amplified the imbalance between supply and demand. The interplay and convergence of these multidimensional geographical factors constitute the fundamental drivers of the rising price of Japanese rice. This paper aims to uncover the geographical mechanisms underlying the vulnerability of the agricultural system and offer practical insights into the sustainable development of Japanese agriculture and the optimization of related policies.

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In recent years, rice prices in Japan have continued to rise, marked by notable regional disparities and volatility. This study adopts an integrated geographical perspective to examine the multifaceted drivers behind these trends. Physically, climate change and limited arable land constrain stable rice production. Human factors such as the rice acreage reduction policy, rural depopulation, and shifting consumer demand raise costs and intensify spatial price differences. Economically, Japan’s mountainous terrain increases logistics costs, while weak supply chain resilience and uneven grain reserve distribution undermine market regulation. Trade-wise, protectionist policies limit rice imports, reducing supply flexibility. The paper aims to clarify the geographical mechanisms shaping rice price dynamics and offer policy insights to strengthen regional food system resilience.

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Plantation forests, as an important land use form, play a significant role in enhancing timber supply and improving ecological environments. However, their large-scale establishment exerts profound and complex impacts on soil health. This study systematically reviews the effects and mechanisms of plantation forests on soil physicochemical properties, biological characteristics, and disease occurrence. The findings indicate that plantation forests significantly alter soil physical structure and chemical properties, including changes in soil organic matter content, nutrient dynamics, and water retention capacity, as well as notable effects on soil pH and trace element balance. In the biological dimension, plantation forests substantially affect the diversity and functional activity of soil fauna and microbial communities, influencing soil biological functions and ecosystem services. Moreover, continuous cropping obstacles and microbial community imbalances are identified as key factors contributing to frequent soil diseases, posing threats to the sustainable productivity of plantation forests. To address these challenges, this study explores integrated strategies for regulating soil health in plantation forests, such as optimizing fertilization techniques, implementing scientific management practices, and designing rational afforestation configurations. These measures aim to improve soil physicochemical properties, restore microbial balance, and alleviate continuous cropping obstacles, thereby enhancing the ecological benefits and productivity of plantation forests.

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Against globalization, urbanization, and sustainable development strategies, agricultural spatial patterns and regional functional systems are undergoing profound restructuring. The traditional agricultural spaces centered on food production are evolving into multifunctional systems that incorporate ecological, cultural, and recreational functions, leading to a systemic reshaping of their structural features, functional attributes, and institutional arrangements. From the theoretical perspective of agricultural geography, this paper systematically reviews and critically evaluates recent research progress on agricultural spatial reconstruction and regional functional transformation, focusing on four core topics: (1) the identification and classification of multifunctional agricultural spaces; (2) the evolutionary characteristics and driving mechanisms of agricultural spatial structure; (3) spatial adaptation strategies and functional reorganization pathways of peri-urban agriculture; and (4) coordination mechanisms and governance systems under the multifunctional transformation of agricultural spaces. This paper aims to construct a systematic, cross-scale, and practice-oriented research framework in agricultural geography, providing a theoretical foundation and methodological support for the optimization of territorial spatial planning, the implementation of rural revitalization strategies, and the advancement of sustainable agricultural development policies.

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Saline-alkali soils represent a critical constraint on global agricultural sustainability, posing serious threats to soil health, crop productivity, and ecological stability. In recent years, nanomaterials have emerged as a promising technological frontier for soil remediation due to their large surface area, high reactivity, and tunable functionalities. This paper systematically summarizes nanomaterials' multidimensional roles and ecological implications in saline-alkali soil improvement. Five core research themes are explored: (1) ion passivation and salt migration control mechanisms via nanomaterials; (2) development of nanocarrier-based precision delivery systems for plant anti-stress agents; (3) synergistic strategies combining nanomaterials with halotolerant microorganisms for enhanced soil–plant–microbe interactions; (4) construction of in-situ nano-sensing platforms for real-time soil monitoring and early warning; and (5) assessment of long-term ecological impacts and environmental fate of nanomaterials in saline environments. These frontiers underscore a shift from conventional remediation to integrated, intelligent, and sustainable approaches. Future research should focus on mechanism elucidation, field adaptability, and ecological safety frameworks to support the scalable application of nanotechnology in soil salinization control.

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Against the backdrop of intensified global climate change, increasing water scarcity, and growing demands for high-quality agricultural development, data-driven precision irrigation technology is increasingly emerging as a key pathway for promoting sustainable agricultural transformation. This paper systematically reviews five major research frontiers in the field: plot-scale irrigation decision modeling based on multi-source remote sensing data, deep perception and dynamic response systems for crop water stress, field microenvironment regulation platforms supported by the Internet of Things and edge computing, time-series water demand prediction modeling for intelligent scheduling, and cyber-physical irrigation systems driven by digital twins. Centered on these frontiers, the paper explores critical technical challenges such as multi-source heterogeneous data fusion mechanisms, strategies for improving model generalization and interpretability, optimization of edge–cloud collaborative computing architectures, and intelligent scheduling methods for multi-objective irrigation strategies. This paper aims to provide a systematic reference for the broad application and intelligent evolution of precision irrigation technologies.

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The Quaternary period represents the most recent stage in Earth’s geological evolution, characterized by unique sedimentary environments, tectonic activities, and climate changes that have profoundly influenced the generation, migration, and accumulation of hydrocarbon resources. This paper systematically reviews the key features of Quaternary geology, including the diversity of sedimentary environments, the driving forces of tectonic evolution, and the patterns of climate fluctuations. It emphasizes the role of Quaternary geology in hydrocarbon accumulation processes, focusing on the geological characteristics of reservoirs, cap rocks, and migration pathways. Additionally, it explores the indicative functions of Quaternary sedimentary geomorphology for deep hydrocarbon distribution and its implications for exploration and development technologies. The paper also highlights technological advancements in Quaternary geological research, such as high-resolution seismic detection, precise chronological analysis, and innovative applications of digital geological modeling. Finally, it outlines future research directions, advocating for interdisciplinary collaboration to advance the understanding of Quaternary geology and hydrocarbon resources while emphasizing the importance of sustainable resource development. This paper aims to uncover the scientific value of Quaternary geology in hydrocarbon formation and development, providing insights for both research and practical applications.

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The global trade landscape is undergoing profound structural changes, giving rise to five frontier research directions in trade geography. These include: (1) assessing the spatial impacts of increasingly fragmented and regionalized trade systems; (2) examining how digitalization and automation reshape industrial and trade geographies; (3) analyzing the spatial interplay between climate risks, trade resilience, and low-carbon transitions; (4) exploring cities’ roles in knowledge-based global value chains; and (5) integrating geopolitical perspectives to understand strategic trade vulnerabilities. These directions form a multidimensional framework for interpreting global trade dynamics and guiding regional and global policy responses.

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Against the backdrop of profound shifts in the global geopolitical landscape and the accelerated restructuring of the trade system, trade geography—an essential discipline linking economic activities with spatial organization—is demonstrating unprecedented theoretical vitality and real-world relevance. This paper systematically explores the theoretical evolution and interdisciplinary integration trends in trade geography by focusing on five frontier issues: the spatial reorganization of global value chains, the redefinition of trade corridor power, the paradigm shift in digital trade space, ecological embedding driven by green regulations, and the spatial logic of institutional regionalization. It highlights the discipline’s transition from traditional logistics and locational analyses to approaches rooted in complex network modeling, institutional geography, and multidimensional power analysis, reflecting both theoretical renewal and practical transformation in response to emerging challenges in global economic geography. This paper aims to provide a systematic knowledge framework and reference for advancing academic dialogue and informing policy practice in trade geography.

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Against the backdrop of a profound restructuring of global trade patterns, trade geography is undergoing a significant transformation in its research agenda and theoretical paradigms. This paper systematically outlines the latest frontiers in trade geography from five key perspectives: the resilience and restructuring of global value chains; trade-energy-climate nexus studies driven by carbon border adjustment mechanisms; spatial logic transformations in digital and service trade; the reshaping of regional trade networks under geopolitical risks; and the multi-scalar impacts of trade policy uncertainty on regional economies. The paper highlights a paradigm shift in the spatial organization of trade activities—from efficiency-driven models toward new logics that integrate security, sustainability, and technological sovereignty, prompting a transition from single-scale economic analyses to complex systems involving multiple dimensions and actors. By constructing interdisciplinary theoretical frameworks and employing multi-source data analytics, trade geography is poised to more accurately interpret and predict the evolving structure of the global economic landscape. This paper aims to clarify the evolutionary trajectory of trade geography and enhance its capacity for theoretical innovation and policy response amid global uncertainties.

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Against the backdrop of frequent adjustments to U.S. tariff policy, the global trade system is undergoing structural reconfiguration, with traditional trade spatial patterns facing profound transformations. From the perspective of trade geography, this paper systematically reviews several frontier topics that merit close attention in the evolution of trade patterns: the geographical reorganization of global value chains, the reshaping of industrial location by regional trade agreements, the spatial effects of digital trade barriers, the resilience assessment of trade networks under geopolitical tensions, and the regionally heterogeneous impacts of tariff policies coupled with environmental sustainability. The paper highlights that enterprises are realigning their production layouts globally, driven by multiple geo-economic factors. At the same time, regional agreements and institutional arrangements significantly influence the logic of value chain construction. Digital barriers are imposing new spatial constraints on information flow and innovation networks, and geopolitical uncertainties exacerbate global trade networks’ fragility. Moreover, the differentiated regional effects of tariff policies may lead to new developmental imbalances, with environmental externalities remaining a critical concern. This paper underscores the vital role of trade geography in the evolving landscape of global governance and advocates for a spatial analytical framework that combines theoretical depth with policy relevance to support the construction of a more resilient, equitable, and sustainable global trade system.

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The Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin is an important tight oil reservoir in China. Its characteristics of tight reservoirs, low permeability, and complex accumulation mechanisms make it a key focus and challenge for oil and gas exploration and development. This paper systematically analyzes the accumulation mechanisms, reservoir characteristics, distribution patterns, and dynamic conditions of tight oil in the Yanchang Formation, uncovering the critical factors influencing its formation and distribution. Additionally, it explores theoretical and practical approaches for efficient development. The results indicate that the formation of tight oil in the Yanchang Formation is primarily controlled by the characteristics of source rocks, reservoir structures, the spatial relationship between oil shales and tight sandstones, and accumulation dynamic conditions. Under the combined influence of these factors, the distribution of tight oil exhibits significant regional differences, resulting in multiple accumulation models. This research elucidates the dynamic characteristics of tight oil accumulation, including hydrocarbon generation overpressure effects and oil and gas migration mechanisms, providing theoretical support for the efficient development of low-permeability reservoirs. Moreover, by integrating core samples, thin sections, seismic data, well logging, and geochemical data, this paper systematically reveals the accumulation patterns of tight oil in the Yanchang Formation, offering innovative insights and methods for reservoir development. The findings enrich the theoretical understanding of tight oil accumulation and provide valuable references for the exploration and development of other low-permeability reservoirs, advancing the sustainable development of low-permeability resources in China. This paper aims to clarify the formation and distribution patterns of tight oil in the Yanchang Formation, explore effective accumulation models, and provide theoretical guidance and practical references for the economic and efficient development of low-permeability oil resources.

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High water cut oilfields, typically in the mid-to-late stages of development, face challenges such as declining reservoir energy, complex oil-water migration, and highly heterogeneous remaining oil distribution. These issues hinder conventional recovery methods and constitute key technical bottlenecks for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). As most major Chinese oilfields enter this stage, improving recovery is vital for sustaining production, extending field life, and ensuring national energy security. Addressing injection-production imbalance, rising water treatment demands and energy consumption calls for a shift toward digital, intelligent, and eco-friendly development models. This paper identifies five key research directions aligned with current technological trends: intelligent injection-production optimization, nanofluid EOR, fine-scale residual oil characterization, multi-field coupled chemical flooding, and integrated CO₂-EOR with sequestration. These approaches aim to advance both the theory and practice of EOR in high water-cut oilfields.

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In the high water cut stage of oilfield development, reservoirs are characterized by enhanced heterogeneity, complex fluid migration processes, and diversified recovery measures, which pose significant challenges to traditional numerical simulation methods. This paper reviews the latest research progress in refined reservoir numerical simulation. It systematically summarizes five key technological domains: multi-scale geological modeling and reservoir characterization, dynamic geological modeling and intelligent history matching, modeling techniques for heterogeneous and fractured reservoirs, methods for residual oil identification and intelligent prediction, and fully coupled multi-physics simulation strategies. Based on an in-depth analysis of current technological approaches, the study highlights the growing integration of multi-source data fusion and artificial intelligence algorithms, which drives numerical models toward higher resolution, greater fidelity, and dynamic adaptability—especially in simulating complex displacement mechanisms and identifying residual oil with precision. Looking ahead, with the continuous advancement of high-performance computing platforms and intelligent analysis tools, refined numerical simulation is expected to play an increasingly critical role in enhancing recovery efficiency during the high water cut stage, optimizing dynamic adjustment strategies, and promoting the development of intelligent oilfields.

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Accurate simulation of multiphase flow processes in complex reservoirs is a key technology that enables the efficient development and intelligent management of oil and gas resources. This paper focuses on the core scientific issues and engineering challenges currently facing multiphase flow simulation. It systematically reviews recent advances in modeling strategies and numerical methods across three typical application scenarios. In complex reservoirs characterized by strong nonlinearity and pronounced multi-scale features, traditional models are increasingly challenged by non-Newtonian fluid behavior, microscale slip effects, and miscible displacement mechanisms. There is an urgent need to develop high-fidelity simulation frameworks capable of coupling multiphysics processes with dynamic phase behavior. In heterogeneous reservoirs, the complexity of spatial structures and the high uncertainty of parameters significantly constrain predictive accuracy. This paper analyzes the roles of high-resolution geological modeling, adaptive grid generation, and thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling mechanisms in enhancing simulation reliability. It discusses the potential of parallel computing and multilevel optimization algorithms for improving computational efficiency. In developing deep and ultra-deep reservoirs, the widespread occurrence of gas-liquid-solid three-phase flows gives rise to complex coupling among solid particle migration, phase transitions, and geomechanical stress fields. Accordingly, this paper proposes a three-phase coupling simulation strategy tailored for extreme conditions, along with its practical implementation approaches.

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Ecological geography, a crucial interdisciplinary branch of geography and ecology, primarily focuses on the interactions and patterns between ecosystems and environmental factors in geographical spaces. This paper first reviews the theoretical foundation and historical development of ecological geography, emphasizing the evolution of its research paradigms. It systematically summarizes the main research topics and hotspots in the field, including the spatial distribution and dynamic changes of ecosystems, interaction mechanisms between ecological processes and geographical patterns, the impacts of human activities on ecosystems, and ecological responses and adaptations under global change. Furthermore, it outlines the core research methods and technological advancements in ecological geography, particularly the applications of remote sensing, geographic information systems, big data analytics, artificial intelligence, and multi-perspective simulation methods. Finally, the paper explores ecological geography’s practical applications and future directions, such as biodiversity conservation, land use optimization, climate change mitigation, and ecological restoration strategies. This paper aims to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for researchers in the field of ecological geography and to offer scientific foundations and research prospects for its continued development.

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The study of Earth’s internal structure and dynamic processes is a fundamental scientific issue for understanding the evolution of the Earth system and the nature of geodynamic activities. This paper discusses the layered characteristics of Earth’s interior and the dominant dynamic processes, covering key research areas such as seismic tomography, gravity and magnetic field exploration, mantle convection, material cycling, and heat transfer. Seismic tomography reveals the detailed three-dimensional structure from the crust to the inner core, while gravity and geomagnetic observations provide critical constraints on the density distribution and conductivity structure of Earth’s deep interior, aiding in the identification of fluid dynamics in the mantle and outer core. Mantle convection is widely regarded as the primary driving force of plate tectonics and surface structural movements, and deep material cycling plays a crucial role in maintaining Earth’s long-term thermal state and chemical evolution. Research on internal heat transfer mechanisms helps to elucidate the distribution of deep heat sources and their control over global tectonic processes. With the continuous advancement of high-resolution geophysical imaging technologies, deep Earth experiments, geochemical tracing, and numerical simulation methods, studies on Earth’s internal structure and evolution are moving toward higher precision, multi-scale coupling, and interdisciplinary integration. In the future, the integration of seismology, geodynamics, geomagnetic and gravity exploration, and advanced simulation techniques is expected to deepen our understanding of internal Earth processes and provide theoretical support for planetary science, Earth system modeling, and resource and environmental research.

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As a critical technological support for energy and resource development, geophysical exploration faces the dual challenges of traditional resource depletion and the transition to clean energy. This paper systematically reviews six key research directions in geophysical exploration for energy and resources: (1) development of advanced techniques for the detailed exploration of oil, gas, and traditional mineral resources; (2) geophysical innovations driven by the development of unconventional energy sources such as shale gas and gas hydrates; (3) high-precision characterization and dynamic monitoring methods of reservoir structures and physical properties; (4) integrated detection and engineering applications of geothermal resources; (5) high-resolution identification and sustainable management of groundwater resources; and (6) intelligent approaches and green mining models for mineral resource exploration. The paper highlights the integration and innovation of core technologies such as high-resolution seismic imaging, electromagnetic exploration, multi-physics coupling methods, artificial intelligence algorithms, and digital geophysical systems in practical exploration. Finally, it envisions future development trends of geophysical exploration technologies toward intelligence, automation, and low-carbonization, aiming to provide systematic theoretical references and technical guidance for scientific research and engineering practices in the energy and resource sectors.

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The frequent occurrence of natural disasters poses significant challenges to human societal security, economic development, and ecosystem stability, making effective forecasting and scientific disaster reduction core topics in geosciences and disaster prevention research. This paper systematically reviews the occurrence mechanisms and evolutionary processes of typical geological disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and tsunamis, with a particular focus on recent key advances in monitoring technologies, including seismic network deployment, remote sensing, InSAR, GNSS observations, and deep-sea pressure sensors. Furthermore, it explores the application potential of disaster identification and early warning algorithms based on big data integration, machine learning, and artificial intelligence in improving forecasting timeliness and spatial accuracy. Regarding the construction of integrated early warning systems, the importance of multi-hazard and multi-source data monitoring platforms is emphasized, and the establishment of regional-to-global linkage mechanisms is highlighted as crucial for addressing disaster chains and compound disasters. Looking ahead, with the intelligent upgrading of sensor networks and the deep integration of cloud computing and digital twin technologies, natural disaster forecasting and response are expected to become more efficient, collaborative, and intelligent. This study aims to provide theoretical support and technical reference for disaster science research and offer strategic insights for building a globally coordinated disaster prevention and reduction framework.

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Forest soil is a significant source of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N₂O), and its emission processes are strongly influenced and regulated by nitrogen input. This review systematically summarizes the primary mechanisms of N₂O production in forest soils, including nitrification, denitrification, and non-biological pathways, and elucidates the role of environmental factors, such as soil physicochemical properties and climatic conditions, in regulating N₂O emissions. It highlights the biological pathways through which nitrogen input affects N₂O emissions via plants and soil microorganisms, including plant nitrogen uptake and allocation, litter decomposition processes, the regulatory role of arbuscular mycorrhizae, and the contribution of soil microbial functional gene abundance and diversity to N₂O production pathways. Additionally, the review analyzes the indirect effects of nitrogen input on critical factors such as soil moisture and substrate concentration and compares the differences and driving mechanisms of various nitrogen forms on N₂O production pathways. This study aims to deepen the understanding of how nitrogen input regulates forest soil N₂O emissions through multidimensional pathways, providing a scientific basis for optimizing nitrogen management in forest ecosystems and developing greenhouse gas mitigation strategies.

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With the increasing complexity of oilfield development environments, traditional water injection strategies relying on empirical rules and simple numerical simulations have become ineffective in addressing reservoir heterogeneity, dynamic variations, and geological uncertainties, thereby limiting injection control accuracy and production efficiency. This paper explores the application of intelligent optimization algorithms, including deep reinforcement learning, genetic algorithms, and particle swarm optimization, in optimizing water injection strategies. It further examines the role of data fusion, real-time monitoring, and dynamic optimization techniques—such as digital twins, long short-term memory time series prediction, and Kalman filtering—in enhancing the scientific rigor and reliability of water injection decisions. Additionally, this paper analyzes the advantages of multi-objective optimization algorithms, such as NSGA-II, in balancing recovery rates, energy consumption, and economic benefits. The study aims to provide valuable academic insights for developing an efficient, precise, and low-carbon intelligent oilfield management system.

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Intelligent reservoir modeling and high-precision numerical simulation integrate artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data analytics to provide efficient and accurate solutions for reservoir modeling, parameter optimization, and uncertainty assessment. Traditional reservoir modeling relies on geostatistics and physical numerical simulation methods, which are computationally expensive and struggle to accurately characterize complex reservoir structures and fluid migration patterns. Intelligent reservoir modeling leverages technologies such as deep learning, reinforcement learning, and surrogate modeling to extract key features from vast historical production data and geological information, enabling automated optimization of reservoir parameters and rapid predictions. Additionally, multi-scale numerical simulation combined with uncertainty quantification enhances the stability and computational efficiency of reservoir modeling, offering data-driven decision support for reservoir development optimization. The advancement of this research field will contribute to improving recovery rates, reducing oilfield development costs, and promoting the intelligent and efficient utilization of oil and gas resources.

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The screening and analysis of growth-promoting mechanisms of core rhizosphere strains in salt-alkali tolerant rice are crucial for enhancing rice tolerance to saline-alkali stress, optimizing saline-alkali soil environments, and promoting sustainable agriculture. This study explores the screening methods of salt-alkali tolerant plant growth-promoting bacteria, with a particular focus on the application of multi-omics technologies, including metagenomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, in core strain selection and functional analysis. The study reveals the mechanisms by which these strains promote rice growth and alleviate saline-alkali stress through nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, plant hormone synthesis, and exopolysaccharide production. Furthermore, based on field trial progress, the study evaluates the application potential of core strains in saline-alkali rice cultivation and discusses strategies for symbiotic enhancement using synthetic microbiomes, as well as optimization schemes for biofertilizer application to improve strain colonization and growth-promoting effects in the field. These findings provide theoretical support for the development of salt-alkali tolerant microbial fertilizers and offer a scientific basis for rice cultivation in saline-alkali soils and the sustainable development of ecological agriculture.

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As an important branch of geography, hydrological geography primarily studies the spatial and temporal distribution of water bodies, hydrological processes, and their complex interactions with the natural environment and human activities. In recent years, intensified global climate change and human activities have driven the field toward a deeper exploration of hydrological cycle dynamics, sustainable water resource utilization, and the mechanisms underlying extreme hydrological events. This paper systematically reviews the theoretical framework of hydrological geography, with a focus on hydrological cycle theory, watershed system theory, and their interdisciplinary integration. It summarizes key research areas, including watershed hydrological processes, the impacts of human activities on hydrological systems, the spatial and temporal distribution of water resources and their optimal allocation, and risk assessment of hydrological hazards. Based on recent research advancements, the paper highlights the mechanisms of hydrological responses to global change, innovative applications of big data and artificial intelligence in hydrological geography, and breakthroughs in surface water–groundwater coupling studies. Additionally, it discusses the practical value of hydrological geography in integrated watershed management, ecosystem protection, and transboundary water resource governance. Finally, the paper identifies current research challenges and outlines future directions, emphasizing the importance of data-driven model development, climate change adaptation studies, and interdisciplinary collaboration in advancing the field. By comprehensively summarizing the theories and practices of hydrological geography, this paper aims to provide scientific references and practical insights for the discipline’s development and the resolution of global water resource and environmental issues.

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