Geographical Review of Japan
Online ISSN : 2185-1719
Print ISSN : 0016-7444
ISSN-L : 0016-7444
Volume 16, Issue 8
Displaying 1-8 of 8 articles from this issue
  • S. Yoshimura
    1940 Volume 16 Issue 8 Pages 513-527
    Published: August 01, 1940
    Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Fukuo UEON
    1940 Volume 16 Issue 8 Pages 528-545
    Published: August 01, 1940
    Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper is a geographical explanation of the seasonal changes in labour demand in village communities situated at high elevations (more than 1, 000 meerts above sea level) in the Hida Mountain Range. The village communities maybe classified, according to their modes of activities, into three types: (a) communities of agricnlture-and stock-farming, where agriculture is the most important industry, . (b) communities of agriculture, stock-farming, and forestry i. e. emigrant labour for forestry being the most important, and (c) communities of agriculture and forestry where the production of char-coal is the most important. They are all under the same effects of climatical conditions in accordance with their geographical positions.
    This investigation was made, not of the administrative villages, but of communities as the units of study, seeing that the latter have been organized as a group of social and economic activities. The work of agriculture, stock-farming, and forestry proceeds in accor-dance with climatic conditions, since frost, snow, rain, changes in temperature, etc. may limit, hinder, or promote their activity.
    The population of the communities may be divided into two parts, the one the workable population (16-65 years of age) and the other the supported population (1-15, and over 65). Further, the workable population may be divided into the settled and the emigrated. Exa-mining the number of the settled population in a year, the writer studiedd the amount and quality of labour expended on theirr activities.
    Quality of labour. Those engaged in agriculture are mostly wo-men, except in the agricultural=stock-farming region, and those engaged in forestry and stock-farming are chiefly men. In agriculture and grass-mowing, the work is done by a family as a unit of activity, while cooperative labour is done by women in the busiest period of agriculture, and by men in forestry and stock-farming.
    Amount or quantity of labour. The distribution of the amount of labour devoted to these kinds of work in a year is considered, and the distributed amounts of these labours are summed up, and the total calculated. The greatest amount is attained in July, in the sow-ing season of the principal crops. Although this period is only of short duration, the labour demand is so great that some of the emi-grants have to return and help at home, awhile the entire population, . including some of the supported ones, are obliged to overwork them-selves. On the other hand, in the snowy season, only the smallest amount of labour is required, with consequent labour surplus, espe-cially in regions that do 'not produce charcoal.
    Summarizing the foregoing observations, diagrams are drawn to-show the general outline of the labour cycle in the respective regions. They show that in every region, agriculture hods a dominant posit-ion, although it is not always an occupation of the first importance, since the time for sowing and harvesting of crops is strictly limited. In forestry. the labourers employed in other regions that emigrate fromn this region, are mostly active men of ages from 16-45, so that the industrial development of their own home region is hind-ered.
    The seasonal distribution of labour has developed in harmony with tae geographical conditions in such a was that, within the small. circle of the village communities, all the various activities should proceed smoothly. But the recent changes in social and economic conditions have been disturbing this distribution of labour and forcing altogether new conditions.
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  • Keniti TANABE
    1940 Volume 16 Issue 8 Pages 546-556
    Published: August 01, 1940
    Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008
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    This paper is a study of the features of the cultivated land, and that of the subareal and submarine topography of Noto peninsula, which is the only large peninsula that juts out on the Japan sea.
    1. A Morphological Study of the Features of the Cultivated Land. (No. 6, p p. 399-411.)
    This land is divided into ten part saccording to type of the feature and the patterns of both rice and dry fields.
    I. Plane cultivated land.
    A. The Rice field type. This spreads out as “Oti” graben in the NW part of Fig. 2.
    B. The “Uti-ura” marine terrace type (see photo. 4, Fig. 5).
    C. The Former salt field type (see photo. 1.) The level of the rice field is almost equal to sea level, 50 years ago they were salt fields but now rice fields.
    D. The “Soto-ura” marine terrac type (see phot. 3). This type prevaids on the eastern part of the northern coast.
    E. The Dry field type in the western part of the northern coast. This plane has a steep sea cliff 20-100m.
    II. Massive cultivated land
    F. The “Isurugi-goisi” type. This massive rice field, Fig. 2 is intimately related to a land-slide Fig. 3.
    G. The Scattered type. These small massive rice field belong to “Einzeldorf” or “Weiler” on a number of upheaval planes.
    H. The Corrie-like type. (see Fig. 9.) This is developed on hard rock region.
    III. Linear cultivated land I. The Branching rice field type. (see Fig. 4, 5, 8.) The Valley bottom has a gentle slope, with much water and thick sediments, and the other part is not easy to irrigate, so that this type has developed.
    J. The Chaining rice field type. As the result of intermittent upheavs there are many knick-points as show in Fig 10 at which point the Linear rice fields are cut or closed.
    2. A Geomorphologieal Study of Subareal and Submarine Topography. (No. 7_??_8, p p. 477_??_490, 546_??_556.)
    The Noto Peninsula consists of two groups of Tertiary fault blocks. The first group, which forms the main part of this peninsula, are from south to north, the “Sekidosan” block, “Oti” graben, “Bijosan” block, “Sirahama-Takahama” graben, “Musigamine” block, “Takatumeyama” block, and “Nisiura” block. Since this group is an elevated land related to the “Kaga” mountain region, which is the southern great block of the first group, these blocks have many points in common. That is, they have a marine erosion surface under 400m, and there is between the two blocks a clear fault or graben, while the trend of the blocks, and that of the fault or graben is NE-SW, which gradurally becomes NNE-SSW, and finally N-S. These changes are on account of the time that elapsed between the move-ment of the two elevations the first and second groups.
    The second group, which is related to the “Hida” mountain block, lying east of the “Kaga” block, consists of two fault blocks and three submarine banks, mamely, from south to north, the “Hatibuse-” and “Suzu” blocks, “Nanatu-sima” and “Yomeguri” banks, and the “Hegura-sima” bank. The trend of this group is NE-SW. The height of the two blocks is higher than the former, and the flat plane on the top of this block mountain has a very small area, although there are many other small flat planes on the various levels. Usually, the slope is steep on the north side and gentle to the south, and both coasts have marine terraces of two or three levels, that are higher on the northern coast.
    That block which situated north of the first group and west of the second group has both characteristics.
    The flat planes of the first group seem to be the surfaces of a marine erosion of the same stage, while the planes at various levels of the second group seem to be the surfaces of marine erosion at several stages.
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  • 1940 Volume 16 Issue 8 Pages 556
    Published: 1940
    Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008
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  • N. Yazima
    1940 Volume 16 Issue 8 Pages 557-567
    Published: August 01, 1940
    Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008
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  • 1940 Volume 16 Issue 8 Pages 568-571,580
    Published: August 01, 1940
    Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008
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  • I. Matui
    1940 Volume 16 Issue 8 Pages 572-578
    Published: August 01, 1940
    Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008
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  • K. Tanabe
    1940 Volume 16 Issue 8 Pages 578-579
    Published: August 01, 1940
    Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008
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