Geographical Review of Japan

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In the winter of 1939, a thermal survey was conducted of Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, and their neighborhood. That is, the air temperature at numerous places was observed and its horizontal distribution studied from the climatological point of view, the main results of which are as follows:
(1) The city is much warmer than its suburbs, although the warmest area is not always the centre of the city. It seems to lie on the lee side of the prevailing wind.
(2) The difference in temperature between the city and its envi-rons is as much as 5.0°C in Tokyo and from 2.0° to 3.0°C in Osaka and Nagoya, although the latter is from observations made early in the morning, while the former is from those made at midnight. The greater area of Tokyo compared with the other cities is probably not the only explanation of this difference.
(3) The warming effect of the heat source of the city was calculated, assuming a heat exchange as the result of the turbulent air motion over the surface of the city. The calculated values agree well with the observed values.
(4) The amount of heat produced artificially in the city of Tokyo was calculated and found to be 8.8 cal/cm²/day, which is equal to _??_ times the solar radiation on a horizontal surface of the same area. This calculation satisfactorily explains the greater temperature difference between the city and. suburbs during the night time.

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