With the change of era the industrial zone has seen alternations by the influence of its nation's social economy; and its amplification tends to synthetize the zone. To prove this, firstly by apprehending the reproductive correlations, it is necessary to explain the structural factors of the zone. Consequently, the, author as to explain the geographical conformation of industrial zones chiefly, in Osaka Prefecture.
The distribution of industry of Japan has its center in Tokyo and Osaka, and composes regional structure including groups of factories in satelite cities. Industrial zones belong to their respective regions and their faculties are gathered in the center. The calls this central faculty its nucleos. These nuclei are responsible for the organization of our nation's four large indus-trial zones and their marked features of distribution. The nuclei of Osaka may be considered. the nuclei. of Japan and can be classified into the follo-wing wing three types.
1. City central type-Composed of, 9 districts around I shiyama Daichi (Osaka. Castle), highly productive districts of medium and small scale .indus-tries specialized in machine tools and sundries The -chief finished product enterprises are the medium and small sized factories dealing with clothing, printing and book-binding, etc. Their diversions in. enterprise and factory site are rampant. Neverthless, the density of distribution is thickest in Japan.
2. Suburban type-Composed of 13 districts on the outskirts of (1) where numerous large scale machine, machine tool and ceramic factories: stand; and, their local transfers are rampant. The whole industry is made up of large, -medium and small' scale factories. None of these alone is, , dominating, but factories of over 200 workers are beginning to be predo-minant.
3. Satelite city-Composed of 15 cities and 7 c_??_ties (guns) scatteringly distributed over Osaka Plain. These are new-born cities and counties boo-ming with -textile industry. The number of factories is largest in the: cities of. Fuse and Sakai and in the county of N aka I awachi. Cities have a marked, feature of having greater number of factories and more efficient skilled workers than counties.
This characteristic distribution can. be considered as a, . result of local diversions influenced by unclear factors. It can be. obtained by both centri-petal and centrifugal forces. That is, as can be observed in various stages, of the history of development, the former exist in the social economic and superior maintenance conditions, and the latter, in the changes in scale and system of management ensued by, the rate of industrial growth.
But if we study the factors responsible for the development of zone, we. can observe that the superior topographical conditions such as port., in respect to the shipment of material and the availability of labor have a close chain like relation with the zone. And this fact clearly appears inn het cost ratio.
Hence, the composition of zone is developed and: amplified by its nucleus-in the center. Predominance. in production has been. brought about by the influence of both centripetal and centrifugal factors, . and has formed local.. characteristics. Fut., since, in general, the movement towards heavy che-mical industry can be noted in the constant changes of local conditions, it is necessary to improve the quality of topographical conditions based on this movement.

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In the feudal age, paddy-fields of the “Handen” were the fields producing rice as land-tax and its dry-fields were the fields producing cereals for the farmer's provisions. In the southwestern part of. Japan, however, feudal landowners encouraged their farmers to raise cotton, sugar cane or, other crops for the purpose of increasing their land-taxes and repaying their debts. They permitted their farmers to raise. these items in “Shinden” but not in Handen. As a result, Shindens became the areas of cultivation for cotton, sugarcane and other crops. Thus, such areas of cultivation had advantageous social as well as natural conditions. In the Inland Sea region, typical districts are found not in the delta Shindens reclaimed by the capital of feudal landowners but in those reclaimed by. the farmers' own capital. The feudal landowners tried to buy up all the farmers' production, but -the merchants who gave the farmers. fertilizer brought, in from Osaka bought up the farmers' production for shipment to the Osaka market.
Along the coats of the Ariake Sea' Yatsushiro. Sea, and Ise Bay, delta Shindens remain as districts producing rice or cereals and pulses, partially because these districts are far from Osaka, the greatest economic center of Japan in the feudal age, and parcially beeause there are so, many delta Shindens reclaimed by the capital of feudal land-owners.

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In order to observe the relationship between the scale of agricultural land use and the utilization of farm labour, the writer studied the Minowa Region of the Ina Valley in Nagano Prefecture. In this area, the, amount of agricu-ltural land per farm household and that per labour are by section interrela-ted. According to the scale of agricultural land use, this region is divided into four parts
1. Large scale. part. Sections of the upper and middle of the fan west of the Tenryu River.
2. Medium scale part. Sections of the edge of. the terrace cliff west of the Tenryu River.
3. Sub-medium scale part. Southern section of the terrace east. of the Tenryu River.
4. Small scale part. Northern sections of the flood plain and terrace east of the Tenryu River.
The writer studied this region for purposes of detailed observation by traversing a section across the Tenryu from east to west and reached the following conclusions
Type of agricultural land use The larger the scale of land use, the poorer its natural condition and the smaller the ratio of paddy field. In this type cultivation requires much labor with small area of paddy limitting the fields, mulberry farms prevail and are especially large in scales 1. In scales 4, there are Many orchards (apple) that require even more labor.
Intensity of labor utilization-Jn terms of growing crops, the smaller the scale of the farm, the more intensive. the application of labor. This is partially due to the fact that small scale farms are generally associated. with more productive soils.
Means of production The use of cattle in cultivation is common in scales 1, 2 and 4. Mechanization is high in scales 2 and 4 but lower at the foot of both mountains in scales 1 and 3 due to the absence of electric cable facilitiesfor motive power. As a method of carrying goods, ox, carts and wagons are extensively, used in scales 1 and -2, backs of cattle in scale 3, And backs of men in scale 4. Generally, the smaller the scale of fanning, the more. primitive the means of carrying. This fact is largely related to terrain conditions, the w id thof farm roads, the degree of slope, and the distance from roads to farms.
Under scale 1, extensive areas are left uncultivated although farmers have been trying to utilize more agricultural labor by, enlarging the amount of land under cultivation. In scale 4, they. have been. accomplishing the same purpose by more intensiv5 and rational land. utilization; it appe ars that this tendency will be strengthened in. the future.

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This article an outlinee of the history of pollen analysis and a review of the pertinent literature published in the past 10 years. In Japan, there remain many unsolved problems related to the 'late Quaternary period; however, in spite. of the fact that pollen analysis ranks as an important method in the investigation of these problems, it has scarcely been applied except by a few botanists. The writer believes that this method has great potentialities for use. as a means of geochronological study and holds that. it should be developed further by physical, geographers, with wider interests and more, critical views than botanists.

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