地理学評論
Online ISSN : 2185-1719
Print ISSN : 0016-7444
ISSN-L : 0016-7444
27 巻, 3 号
選択された号の論文の4件中1~4を表示しています
  • 岡本 兼佳
    1954 年 27 巻 3 号 p. 96-107
    発行日: 1954/03/25
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    On the Kanto lowlands, dispersed settlement is found as well as agg. lom-flerated types. On the poorly drained portions of this delta plain, the loca tion of dwellings is severely restricted by natural conditions. In order to dete rmine the precise reasons for the dispersion which exists, the natural environ ment was studied and the reclamation process, which dates from. the earliest settlements, was investigated. The following conclusions were reached:
    I. Each farm residence, erected on, a rectangular ground plan, has a main house with a south or southeast exposure; the home site is surrounded by a ditch (Kamae-bori). The farmhouse is enclosed by tall hedges. Upland (dry) fields are in front of the farmhouse. A flagstone path leads from the dwelling house. Dispersed settlements in this region are not always situated in the midst of the farixier's own fields. Sincean individual's farm plots are scattered, rather than concentrated, in many cases, no generalizations about ownership of land around the farm dwelling can be made.
    2. The settlers have selected as the site of their homes, the island-like embankments which are slightly higher than the paddybed and consequently more favorable for buildings. The early settlers occupied the largest and highest of these embankments in order to protect their farmsteads from flood waters. They reclaimed the land in the vicinity of their dwellings and reta inld these fields for generation after generation but with some changes in ownership.
    3. The families of the community may be divided into two groups on the basis of origin of settlement; a head family and a branch family. The dwe lling site of a branch. family is usually apart from that of the head family as the head family retained the fields adjacent to the dwelling site and yielded the more distant fields to the branch family. However, the branch family often found it impossible to find a suitable building site on their farm lots and, instead, chose any elevated site regardless of remoteness from its farm properties occassionally, the branch family was forcedd to locate on the eleva ted site of the head family. If a family feel it necessary to locate in the midst of its own fields, the building of dwellings adjacent to those of others was avoided and an isolated dwelling was the rule. The about facts show the relationship between surface configuration (the elevated island-like lots) and the dispersed character of settleirtent in the Icanto Plain.
    4. Farmsteads were protected froze floods by the reising of the ground and from winds by the planting of trees as windbreaks, .
    5. Figure 6 shows the relation between the far3-nsteads and the dry islandlike lots. in cross-sections. Table 1 and 2 clarify this relationship by classifying the lots by acreage after examining the farmsteads on every lot. Table 3 also shows this relationship by the proportion of elevated ground to paddy fields.
    6 Concerning the origin of dispersed settlement, the policy of. the feudal. lords is unknown becauce historical records have not been consulted. However, even if such policy had affected the situation, the influence of surface configuration would undoubtedly still have been felt.
  • 市瀬 由自
    1954 年 27 巻 3 号 p. 108-116
    発行日: 1954/03/25
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    Several studies on the vertical distribution of paddyland have been conclu ded; the results may be summarized as follows:
    1. The existing vertical distribution of paddyland has been ascertained; the highest fields are located in the Central Highlands at about 1300 meters elevation while in southwestern Japan, elevations average about 900 meters (Figure 1). The upper limit of paddyland in each district is shown in Table 1.
    2. The differences in altitude between the uppermost paddylands on nor thern and southern slopes have been calculated and are shown in Table 2 and Figure 3. In general, there is less than 100 meters difference between the two slopes with the paddylands reaching higher elevations on the southern slope. In each unit area, too, the average altitude of the southern slope paddys exceeds that of the northern slope fields. However, in the Saku District of Nagano Prefecture and in the Hachinoe District of Aomori Prefecture, the higher fields are generally found on the northern slopes and. the average paddy altitudes within a unit area are similarly higher on the northern slopes. This anomaly may be.explained by the effect of the afternoon sun on valleys ouinted toward the northeast or northwest.
    3. An attempt was made to clearly establish the potential altitudinal limits of paddy culture in Japan. It was assumed that an average August temperature of 19°c (18. 7°) approximates the temperature of the highest paddylands in the Central Highlands and, as such, represents the minimum temperature required for. successful paddy culture in other areas of Japan (Figures 2 and 4). Thus, it appears that in many areas of Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikgku, paddy culture has not yet reached its altitudinal. limits. Cap Tohoku's Pacific slopes and in Hokkaido's inland basins, the altitudinal potential is unexpectedly high.
    4. The relationship between altitude of the land the potential altitudinal limits of paddyland as established above were examined (Figures 4). On the Pacific slopes, it was determined that the potential paddyland limit based on air temperature is generally below the height of the land itself; on the other hand, on the Japan Sea slopes and in the Central Highlands, as well as in each district of Kyushu, Shikoku, Chugoku, and Kinchi, it was found that the climatic limits exceed the height of the land.
  • 西岡 久雄
    1954 年 27 巻 3 号 p. 117-124
    発行日: 1954/03/25
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    There are three chief methods for lowering transportation costs: the develoapment of means of transport, the change in system of management (concerning which vonThünen and Brinkmann give full details), and the rational location. of a city. This paper examines the third point briefly. In the interest of clarity, total costs of transportation are expressed in geometric terms. The basis of this geometric treatment is explained in annotation (p. 119.).
    1. If a certain commodity to be sent to a city i s distributed with a constant density all over the region (which is treated as a segment), and if transportation costs are directly proportional to distance of shipment, then a city located in the center of the region will have minimum total costs of transportation, When a city locates away from the center point, costs will increase in proportion to the square of the distance from the center point. In general, when n cities are located on any points of the odd number order among the points which divide the region into 2n parts, costs become a minimal value.
    2. However, if the region is treated as a circle and cities exist all along a certain circumference (with an arbitrary radius (b)), a general express-ion of total costs (T) is:
    (a is the radius of the region)
    T=_??_πb3+_??_π(a-b)2(a+2b)
    By differentiating b, it is known that the condition of minimum is “b=_??_a”, and minimal value is _??_πa3. (And if b=0, then T=_??_πa3; if b=a, then T=_??_πa3).
    3. The above reasoning leads to the conclusion that the equal, division of many types of industry among various cities is rational for purposes of lowering total transportation costs.
    4. However, the following factors must be considered:
    a) if the establishment, diffusion and development of trafie facilities decreases transportation costs to some extent, then the effect of rational location of a city tends to become neglected. Thus, some large cities appear while many local centers decline.
    b) The location of a city must be studied not only from the writer's point of view, but also in regard to measures to counter business cycles and to policies required to bridge the gap between urban and rural income levels.
    c) The w riter's conclusion camiot be considered adequate under actual conditions because the reasoning was based on, a host of premises.
  • 1954 年 27 巻 3 号 p. 125-139,1
    発行日: 1954/03/25
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
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