地理学評論
Online ISSN : 2185-1719
Print ISSN : 0016-7444
ISSN-L : 0016-7444
27 巻, 5 号
選択された号の論文の6件中1~6を表示しています
  • 井口 正男
    1954 年 27 巻 5 号 p. 184-192
    発行日: 1954/05/25
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    The Makinohara upland capped with Makinohara Gravel Beds is located in the southwestern part of the lower course of the Oi River, Shizuoka prefecture. These gravel beds, spreading over 30km. north-south, and about 10km. eastwest, have a thickness of 30m to 40m, In the beds the gravel size varies vertically. In this investigation the writer has attempted to adopt the latest methods of research on gavels in his study of the southern part of the Makinohara Gravel Beds (Fig. 1).
    (1) The Zone of Large Gravels. In each station the gravel bed was divided vertically into several horizontal units of homogeneous gravel size; from earli unit one sample was collected for mechanical analysis. The amount of the sample varied between about 10 and 30kg. according to the coarseness of the material. The samples were sieved into “Udden” grades, and then their median diameters were determm-mined. Horizontal units of especially large median diameter were found in every station. To this horizon, the writer gives the name “Larger Gavel Zone” (Fig. 2.). And he regards this horizon as representing a simultaneous river bed of former titre (Fig. 3 and Table). The Larger Gravel Zone from the stations numbered 10 to 17 (Fig. 1) and the gravels of the lower course of the present Oi River lie at almost the sat-ne gradient. However, the decreasing rate of gravel size in relation to distance of the former is 8 times larger than that of the latter (Fig. 3).
    (2) Former Coast Line. A projected profile of the southern part of the akinohara upland shows an escarpment less than 10m. in height, at a position about 600m. north from station no. 18 (Fig. 4). Three sets of sandstone gravels were collected at random-n from exposures of the Larger Gravel Zone at each of the stations on both sides of the escarpment. The first set is of a size of 32_??_16mm., the second set is of 16_??_8mm., and the third one 8_??_4mm., each set consisted of 100_??_150 pebbles. For the first and the second sets, the statical parameters of roundness of each pebble were visually determined by comparison with the “Pebble Images for Visual Roundness” shown by W. C. Krumbein. As to the third set, the pebbles were photographed in the laboratory, then. the parameters of roundness were estlinated by the method used by Wadell. The pebbles in set show a remarkable roundness at th south side of escarpment, compared to their roundness at the north side of escarpment (Fig. 4 and Table). The distribution type of size of the gravels contained in the Larger Gravel Zone shows a remarkable difference between the southern and the nouthern parts of the escarpment. The distribution type of size of gravel in the latter resembles that of gravels of the present Oi River bed (Fig. 5).
    Based upon the research the writer presumes that the former ccact line in the period when the Larger Gravel Zone was being deposited was located as shown in Fig. 1.
  • 菊地 利夫
    1954 年 27 巻 5 号 p. 193-202
    発行日: 1954/05/25
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    Geographers and historians have studied “Shinden” Settlemeats (or newly reclaimed lands) developed by wealthy merchants and landowners or by feudal lords and the Shogunate, but no one has reported as to those lands reclaimed by vassals (or lower class Samurai). Yet there are numerous examples in the economically stagnant regions of north-eastern and south-western Japan. This study deals with “Shinden” settlement in the domain of the Hirosaki clan (located in the western part of present Aomori Prefecture) where 522 settlements, viz. 62% of the total number of all settlements, were of this sort.
    Reclamation by vassals of the I irocaki clan was commenced in 1620 when an ordinance encouragting the roclamation of waste land was issued (by feudal lord) in order to rehabilitate the rural areas devastated by fare pine in 1618. Reclamation by vassals was prohibited in 1661. In the initial stage, the carrying out of the reclamation did not require very much expense, for waste land favourable for development and labor (the second and. third sons of farmers) were readily obtainable. Thus, either a lower class vassal or a wealthy merchant or landowner could take part in this type of development. “Shinden” settlement was accomplished, the person who had developed the land was given a portion of the newly reclaimed paddy fields and appointed a vassal (if he was merchant or landowner) or promoted to the next higher rank (if lie already held the rank of vassal). The remainder of the reclaimed land was continued in the posession of the original owner. Each “Shinden” Settlement way organized with one vassal (who served as the village official) and with the farmers owing allegiance to the feudal lord. “Shinden” settlement increased rapidly owing inpart to the rise of the price of rice.
    In the late stage, circumstances were reversed. Much money was needed. to establish a “Shinden” settlement. Expenses needed were invested jointly by many vassals, consequently a “Shinden” settlement which was opened in this stage was organized with many vassals and a few farmers. Such “Shin den” settlement added little to. the revenue of the feudal lord. Thus as more “Shinden” settlements were opened, the settlers were confronted with a scramble for irrigation water. At the same time, the financial status of the Hirosaki elan were increasingly difficult. The situation became critical, so teat the reclamation by vassals was prohibited in 1666.
    In 1685, the Hirosaki clan made an administrative reform confiscating the lands of the vassals and giving them stipend of rice ann-cally. Thus the Hirosaki clan was able to acquire much more revenue and promoted the reelamation project on the Iw aki river delta plain with its own f ands, comnmandeering the farmer's labor.
  • 田中 豊治
    1954 年 27 巻 5 号 p. 203-212
    発行日: 1954/05/25
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    The fishing industry of Oki Island, an isolated islandain the Sea of Japan, has had a great deal of influence from modern impacts. The author studied especially the coastal fishing carried on by natives of Oki and that carried on by emigrants to the islands. His conclusions may be summerized as follows:
    1. The fishing in Oki Island in the latest stage of the feudal age was chiefly done by the fishermen of Oki.
    2. Since the last period of feudal days (circa 1834) fishermen from Japan proper began to come to Oki to work.
    3. Modern fishing with large amount of capital was chiefly developed by capitalists from Japan proper frown 1910 on. The major type of fishing under this system was purse seining and using trawling nets.
    4. Severe pressure of the capitalistic fishing on the fishermen of the island was exerted after 1917 when there was poor catch of cuttle fish, the main haul in Oki.
    5. The monopoly of the fishing of the island by outside capital was intensified after 1941.
    6. Since 1946 the haul in Oki increased rapidly by using purse seines and medium trawling nets, but the pressure on fishing by old methods exerted by industrial fishing was very strong. Thus, (a) most of the haul went to other districts, so that the gross receipts of Oki decreased. (b) The coastal haul was decreased by the development of the large-scale-fishing. (c) The coastal fishing by old fishing methods is now at a disadvantage on the basis of both amount and quality compared to the capitalistic fishing.
    7. The modernization of fishing in Oki island is lagging far behind, and the fishing now carried out by the native fishermen of the islands is declining.
  • 川崎 逸郎
    1954 年 27 巻 5 号 p. 213-217
    発行日: 1954/05/25
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    The author has investigated the retreat of the shore-line along Byobugaura (Figs. 1 and 4), by examining the cadastral maps prepared in 1888 and comparing them with the result of field measurement carried out by himself in 1950. He has found that:
    1) There is a close relation between the rate of retreat of shore-line and the height of the tertiary bed rock, i. e., the higher the bed-rock, the slower the retreat, and vice versa (Fig. 5).
    2) The author has classified the sea-cliffs into two types; A and B (Fig. 6). A type is formed where the wave erosion is weak, and the sea-cliffs are covered with talus. B type is developed between Gyobu-misaki and Tsurendo and at sea-cliffs with elevation 50 m. above sea level, where the influence of wave erosion is strong, and fractures are developed along the cliffs.
  • 小峯 勇
    1954 年 27 巻 5 号 p. 218-221
    発行日: 1954/05/25
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    About 350_??_500 pebbles of a size of 1_??_3cm were gathered by sieving at 20 sautpling stations chosen in the river bed. of the Watarase-gawa system, northere Kanto District (Fig. 1). These pebbles were petrographically classified in order to know the mixing rate of pebbles of various rocks and to understand how the percentage of each rock varies from upstream to downstream (Fig. 2). The principal conclusions are as follows:
    1) Pebbles of Palaeozoic rocks show the highest percentage at almost all stations. This is due to the fact that Palaeozoic rocks have the most extensive distribution along the river course and that they are liable to disintegrate into small pieces.
    2) Percentage of granite pebbles is generally small. The maximum percentage of them appears at st. No. 7, but it decreases rapidly downstreams. This infers that the granite pebbles disintegrate to sizes less than 1cm while they are being transported by the river water.
    3) Percentage of pebbles of quartz-porphyry, diorite and diabase, etc., as a whole varies little in the upper, the middle and the lower course of the area studied. This reveals that pebbles of these rocks do not break up into smaller pieces so easily.
    4) This study has demonstrated with firm numerical data the fact that, the petrographical varieties of pebbles in a river bed have a close relation to the rocks outcropping along its course, and their size varies with their manner of disintegration.
  • 1954 年 27 巻 5 号 p. 222-228_1
    発行日: 1954/05/25
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
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