I. Before the World War II, the increase or decrease of the population in the prominent sericulture villages shows very particular features in its tendency, varying according to each district.
(1). The degree of increase or decrease of population is quite remarkable in the following periods, that is, it increases great deal in the prosperous period of the silk raising industry from 1920 to 30, while it decreases not a little during its depression. This shows a vivid contrast to that of the villages prominent in rice culture in which the increase or decrease is comparatively stable.
(2). From 1920 to the outbreak of the War, in the prominent sericulture villages, the increase of population hardly happens. Compared with whole population of the prefecture or that of the villages prominent in rice culture, its total number is stationary or decreases.
(3). The type of increase or decrease of population varies according to each district. There are five major types, i. the North-eastern district type, pretty increased, ii. the Kanto district type, a little increased, iii. the Central Highland type, stagnant, iv. the Kinki district type, decreased, and v. the Chugoku and Shikoku district type, stagant.
II. After the War broke out, areas of mulberry fields in the prominent sericulture villages were reduced great deal. However, those of the whole country also were reduced too, and so the relative prominence of the former to the latter was unchangeable except a few districts. By this reason,
(4). There appeares, as happened before the War, the same difference on the increase of population between those sericulture villages and the rice culture villages or the rest parts of a prefecture.
(5). According to the variation of mulberry farm areas, various types of population tendency are coming out.
(6). The investigation on the Nagano prefecture as a center of raw silk raising industy shows clearly that the above mentiond features are caused indirectly by the change of the price of cocoons and directly by the economic and labor conditions resulted in the expansion or reduction of the scale of management of sericulture.

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(1) In the Nagano Basin (Zenkoji-daira), apple were first grown for trial in around 1879, and widely cultivated in all parts of the basin at the beginning of the 20th century. Unlike those grown in Aomori prefecture, however, they could prove no dominant commercial crop.
In around 1918, as the cultivating technique was improved, the apple-growing industry was gradually expanding in the diluvial upland on the western edge of the basin and on the natural levees of River Chikuma, where apple-cultivation possesses relatively superior condition to sericulture.
After the economic crisis of 1930, making a nucleus of the existing apple-culivation on a small scale, it had developed to a certain extent in the whole basin, thus the apples produced here came to be a commercial farm product in place of that by sericulture.
After the war, they have become the most dominant commercial crop in the baein, and now it ranks second to Tsugaru Plain as an important apple-growing area in Japan.
(2) It is clear that 80% of the apple-production in Nagano prefecture is concentrated in the Nagano Basin because of its physical condition to fit apple-growing and its geographical situation near the markets. What is more, however, the principal conditions that enables the apple-growing to expand so rapidly are the high productivity traditionally fostered by engaging in commercial agriculture since old times, the cooperative producing organization and the cheap labors richly supplied from the surrounding mountain villages.
(3) The apple is a most refined commercial crop, and its cultivation is controlled by physical and social conditons, so that the apple-growing in this basin has not evenly developed.
The principal growing areas are the diluvial upland on the western edge of the basin, the natural levees of River Chikuma and the diluvial upland in the northern part and the fans in the eastern part, where the apples are grown as the main crops. In the other areas, however, farmers grow them as a plural management or a sideline while they engage in sericulture together with raising of rice, wheat, vegetables, flowers, tobacco and hops.

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1. In spite of its importance, the analysis of economic structure of the mountain villages usually been neglected in the Japanese geographical circle. The present paper intends to explain the reason why the shifting cultivation at Gokano-sh Village, one of the most characteristic type of mountain village in Japan, has been carried out far a long time and is now on the gradual decline.
2. Gokano-sho Village is located in the center of the Kyushu mountains, dissected in the full mature stage and characterized by high peaks, steep slopes and deep gorges than any of the other mountains of Kyushu. Owing to rugged characters of the mountains, Gokano-sho village had been isolated for a long time.
3. Until quite recently, the shifting cultivation on the steep slopes had been the only means of living for the people in this village. There are various kinds of the shifting cultivation as follows,
(1) Summer-Koba; tree-cutting in June_??_July, and burning in July.
(2) Autumn-Koba; tree-cutting in September_??_October of the previous year, burning in April_??_
May of that year.
(3) Barley-Koba; tree-cutting in September_??_October, burning in October_??_November.
(4) Tea-Koba; tree-cutting in May_??_June, burning in June_??_July of the previous year.
“Koba” means the place of shifting cultivation.
The main crops are barnyard millet, millet, corn, barley, buckwheat, sweet potato, soya-bean, tea and red bean. The last two crops are mostly planted for sale.
4. As a result of the extention of drag roads into this area since 1938, the lumbers which had been almost valueless by that time are commercialized. Consequently the farmers mostly gave up the shifting cultivation and engaged in more profitable works, such as tree-cutting, transportation, sawing, afforestation, and so on.
That is the reason why the shifting cultivation tends to decline gradually, except in the region where no drag roads extend.

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There are many deltas of various size along the northern coast of Japanese Inland Sea (Setouchi) such as Hiroshima and Iwakuni. To analyse the factors which decide this area, the author (A) calculates the volume of each delta deposit on the key surface in the sea level of Würm ice age, (B) after oberving the factors which determine the volume, (C) analyses the relation between the volume and the area (See table I). The results are as follows:
1 The volume of delta deposit v is mainly determined by each drainage area a which belongs to, and is shown by the next regression line. v=0.000671 a-0, 01295
2 Each quantity calculated by this equation is not co-ordinate to area directly but restrict by the morphological factors of each drowned valley and accumulative efficiency come about great differenciation.
3 There are many morphological factors, i. e. depth to key bed at the end of delta d, length of old burried shore line l, angle of drowned river mouth a, etc, but d is most strong. And so the accumulative efficiency is the highest at Fukuyama and becomes lower both side gradually. These results indicate that be fore the latest submergence Setouchi District is belong to twe drainges with watershed near Shiaku Islands.
4 Delta area expected volume v and depth to key surface d is expressed by next least-quares regression plane, and this multiple correlation coefficient is 0, 93 S=42, 71v-0, 19d+5, 61

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This paper is a result of the observations carried out at Kumagaya city, about 60km north of Tokyo, during two periods, Nov. 8-10, 1956 and Jan. 24-25, 1957. The discussions treated here are based on the following two assumptions because thermister-thermometers used in these observations had a very small time lag.
1) Diurnal variations of the air temperature during the observation were very small.
2) Observations were statistically in the mutual independence.
The writer has divided the series of observations into several groups applying the test of difference and also they are classified into the high class Hi and low class Li according to the evidence whether mean temperature of each class is higher or lower than that in the whole area respectively. The isoclassline and isothermal-line maps are shown and they are compared with each other. Furthermore, considering the frequency distribution of classes with respect to each point, five types of distribution M+, m+, m₀, m_-, and M_-, were classified.
As a conclusion, it is seen that M+-classes concentrate in the most urbanized area, while M--classes are distributed in the rural field area and m+-, m₀-, m--classes in the area between them. Hence it can be ascertained that the type of distribution is closely related to the special character of the area

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