地理学評論
Online ISSN : 2185-1719
Print ISSN : 0016-7444
ISSN-L : 0016-7444
31 巻, 4 号
選択された号の論文の5件中1~5を表示しています
  • 谷岡 武雄, 平野 健二, 芦田 忠司, 田中 欣治, 井上 淳
    1958 年 31 巻 4 号 p. 191-205
    発行日: 1958/04/01
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    One of the oldest cadastral maps (drawn in 751 A. D.) kept by Shosoin, is that of the Minuma manor in Omi province of the Todai-ji temple. It shows the “Joni”-system which was the land system of ancient Japan. As result of our research on the “Jori”-system of Inukami county in Omi, it was proved that the area in the map corresponds to the domain of the modern village, Binmanji, in the east of Hikone City. We made a general and intensive survey by means of reading air photographs, land measurements, soil analysis, studying old documents and archeological excavation of the domain of the manor. The results are as follows:
    1) The Minuma manor belonging to the Todai-ji temple occupied the Inukami river's fan in the middle of the lake Biwa plain about the middle of the 8 th century. Inspite of fierce overflows at heavy rains, it was neccessary first of all to built a reservior and an irrigation canal for the management of paddy fields, because the ordinary quantity of water supplied by the river was insufficient and the soils of this fan was osmotic.
    2) Below the soils now under cultivation, there spreads the stratum of the anciently cultivated soils and it is probably the same stratum as the one containing the remains which are supposed to be belong to 8th century.
    3) Judging from the roads the reservoir, some parts of land division and the black coloured soils found by excavation, we think that the “Jori”-system was put in operation over this area to the same direction as the other parts of Inukami county.
    4) The land division in most parts of lands now under cultivation is very much different from the “Jori”-system in Inukami county, and it is adapted to the land form.
    5) It is better to consider that the Todai-ji manor has occupied this area based on the “Jori”-system. But there are some differences between the old lands of the manor and the present ones. The reasons would probably be due to the overflows or changes of various human geographical conditions.
    6) The history of the settlements of this area began in Nara era, at the establishment of this manor.
    7) The houses which occupied the hilly land consisting of the old aluvial strata, remained for considerably long period. And the houses which were situated on the flood plain of the river seem to have been lost by overflows and lateral erosion of the Inukami.
    8) The site of the present village seems to correspond to Shibahara (brush fields) on the map, and the village has the character of a “Monzen-Machi” of the Binman-ji temple which was built up in Heian era. Probably the movements of the residents from hilly land to the present site were done gradually over the long period before Meiji revolution.
    9) Considering the land from, the land system and the result of the archeological excavation, we conclude that contents of the map was not so different from facts.
    10) And so we can say that the Todai-ji manor in this area was established not through the acquirement of already cultivated lands, but through the clearing of lands which were hard to cultivate. In this, we recognize the peculiar character of the Todai-ji manor in Nara era, and this character was common the other manors of this temple.
  • 大倉 陽子
    1958 年 31 巻 4 号 p. 206-219
    発行日: 1958/04/01
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    (1) 本地域には第1~第5の5段の段丘面が存在し,間歇的隆起を示すがとくに第3段丘の分布が広く,比較的長期間の安定期のあつたことを示し,他地域にも広く連続する。
    (2) 第1, 第2段丘の形成過程はまだ明らかでない。
    (3) 第3段丘はその地形と堆積物の両者からみて,大部分隆起扇状地的(ただし堆積作用が主体ではない)山麓河成平坦面である.東方ではその堆積物は海成層にかわるが,それは堆積物の組成-粒径の頻度分布,礫種・円磨度-から区別することができる.いわゆる海岸段丘は,丘陵地の東縁の小地域に分布するにすぎない.
    (4) 第3段丘の旧汀縁高度はほぼ50mで,場所による変化は少く,全体としては地域を通じて均一な隆起を示している.しかし細かくみると,河川の転移からごく小規模な傾動を伴つていたらしい。
  • “American Geography”への1批判
    村田 喜代治
    1958 年 31 巻 4 号 p. 219-230
    発行日: 1958/04/01
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    1. It follows from the very nature of a science that until it has reached a certain stage of development, definition of its character is necessarily impossible. But once this stage of development has been reached not only is it not waste of time to investigate precise chracter; it is waste of time not to do so. (L. Robbins) By the way Prof. E. G. R. Taylor stated once “What have they dooe ? This was the question derisively asked by the educated public about the Fellow of Royal Society in the early years of their incorporation. It is asked today, and in the same mocking spirit, about geographers”. To answer the above question it will be usefull to show the actual works done by many geographers. At the same time, however, geographers also must attempt methodological examination. Because as mentioned above, in case a science has reached a certain stage of development, its further development and repletion of its contents are to be accomplished by methodological examination but not only by trial and error.
    2. The writer's methodological examination is first directed to views stated in “American Geography”. In this book Prof. P. E. James shows three contributions of geography. (cf. p. 6) The writer has some questions of the foundation of his views. His first and second items assert to apply practically the concepts and principles provided by other systematic sciences, therefore the writer understands that he characterizes geography as the applied branch of other sciences with theory like the applied chemistry as against the theoretical chemistry. Such understanding leads me to the conclusion that the third asserrtion has no substantial meaning because it remains simply as an applied perspective. Then what is the reason why Prof. James venture to express his views without considering the theoretical basis underlying them? To me such a logical confusion seems to arise from some sort of belief that “area” is a peculiar objective accepted only in the field of geography. To the geographers who have such a belief, so far as their study is concerned with area, it is geography science even if it gets some benefit by the result of other sciences. But there are some questions on area. They are; (1) the concept and treatment of area is not exclusive possession of geography (e. g. as indicated by Prof. R. B. Hall), (2) it is a created intellectual concept (e. g. Prof. D. Whittlesey), (3) it is genetically a product which was brought as the result to avoid inpetous conclusion by environmentalism. So far as these views are admitted, the writer can say on each of them as following; (1) It seems to me that the view intending to characterize the geography only by connection with area has no scientific foundation. So far as the surface of the earth is the stage of human activities, it will be a common field of many sciences, and it is natural that many other sciences have some interest on the approach. Thus it is clear that area is not monopoly of geography.
    (2) If area is a created intellectual concept then what is its substantial content? As Prof. H. H. McCarty stated economic geography “derives its concepts largely from the field of economics, ” economic geographers, almost always treat economical phenomena by using concepts of economics. Therefore the writer can say that concrete contents of economic area are agglomeration of economic phenomena studied in economics. The fact that systematic and topical approaches are used in economic geography as well as regional approach, means that the contents of area substantially make those approaches indispensable. The systematic approach means, for instance, that economic geography must depend on the economics, consequently it must have stand-point of economics to areal study.
    (3) So far as the area is a product to avoid the defect of environmentalism, it is not an objective but genetically a means of environmentalistic approach.
  • 清水 馨八郎
    1958 年 31 巻 4 号 p. 231-235
    発行日: 1958/04/01
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    The features in population of a great city involve two phases, i. e., daytime population and nighttime population. Consequently, two kinds of centers or balanced points of population in space must be recognized corresponding to each of them. Up to this time, the center of population used to be signified as that of night-time population without any doubt, and the center of daytime population had long been put aside. However, the latter stands for the center of actual status of population in daytime, which accordingly might be called a center of citizens' activities. When they should not be coinciding at the same site in a metropolis, variuos questions must inevitably happen not only in traffic problems but also in every phase of urban adminstration.
    It is not always easy, however, to find out the balanced point of daytime population in space. From the view-point taking the daytime population as a moving population, the writer believes that one can point out the balanced point in connection with the locational arrangement of terminal traffic volumes of suburbanrailways in the central area of metropolis.
    Applying the theory of center of night-time population, we draw X- axis and Y- axis of our (own) accord at first. In this case, the balanced point is given with the following formula, letting Pi (Xi, Yi) stand as traffic volume at the i-th terminal station and N as the numbers of termini.
    _??_
    Fig. 1 shows the centers of daytime population in Osaka both pre- and postwar, applying abovementioned method, while Fig. 3 that of night-time population and its shifting. Therefore, the distance between them is 1.5km in 1955. In comparison with this, the center of daytime population in Tokyo Central Station and that of night-time population with Shinjuku Station (Fig. 2). The distance between them is 6 KM. or about 4 times as long as the case in Osaka. Such a separation gives an additional burden on every citizen's trip on everyday life.
    Through this fact we can recognize that the traffic difficulties with which Tokyo has been confronted are much severer than those of Osaka. Consequently, it would be more desirable than anything else in the city planning to give better administration on the metropolis so as to make those two kinds of centers of population as close as possible.
  • 1958 年 31 巻 4 号 p. 236-276_1
    発行日: 1958/04/01
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
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