地理学評論
Online ISSN : 2185-1719
Print ISSN : 0016-7444
ISSN-L : 0016-7444
31 巻, 6 号
選択された号の論文の7件中1~7を表示しています
  • 宮川 善造
    1958 年 31 巻 6 号 p. 333-346
    発行日: 1958/06/01
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    Our scientific study on the origin of pre-Columbian civilization in America can not be satisfied only with the discussions of the brilliant remains of the old city-states, as well as with the researches on the new empires such as Inca, Aztec and Younger Maya. A vital point is to know how the ‘urban revolution’ of the Florescent period (circa A. D. 300-A. D. 1000) succeeds to the preceding basic culture of the Formative period (ca. B. C. 1000-A. D. 300), which is characterized by maize horticulture; true waeving; plain, incised pottery; hand-modeled femal figurines; somewhat dispersed settlements; a ceremonial center with simple mounds. During the Formative period no remarkable changes are found in the way of life of Indian farmers, but towards the end of it there are some changes to be seen in ceremonial centers. That is the appearance of stepped pyramids supporting temples of perishable materials, funerary architecture, and stelae with calendrical inscriptions. And the fact that they are arranged surrounding plazas and courts is not to be passed unnoticed. This makes us recognize the culture of the later Formative period (ca. B. C. 400-A. D. 300) as civilization in bud which it about to bloom.
    Many archaeological sites of this period are found in ‘Nuclear America’, mostly in Meso-America and the Central Andes. Meso- America is composed of Central Mexico, Guatemala and Northern Honduras, ea chincluding several sites. Among them, those which are located in the lowland jungle along the Atlantic are grouped into the following four regions.
    1. Ulua-Yojoa region in Northwestern Honduras……Sites: Playa de los Muertos, Los Naranjos and Yarumela. People: the Circum-Caribbean.
    2. Peten-Uaxactun region in Guatemala and Mexico……Sites: Uaxactun, Santa Rosa Xtampak and Yaxuna. People: the Maya.
    3. Veracruz-Tabasco region along Gulf of Campeche……Sites: Tres Zapotes and La Venta. People: the Olmec.
    4. Panuco-Tampico region in the southmost part of Tamaulipas and its vicinity……Sites: Pavon and Tancol. People: the Huastec.
    Viewed from the angle of cultural form, these ceremnial centers show a transitional stage to the Florescent period, and in the aspect of cultural style each of them manifests al local distinctiveness which is to be fulfilled in the succeeding period in spite of mutual influences upon one another. As a matter of course each bud of civilization is autochthonous at its native place and at the same time their growths are in parallel with each other.
    Such circumstances in the iungle being found in the highlands and on the coast along the Pacific as well, the births of civilizations are not uncommon in this period. But it is strange enough that the tropical cradle-land of civilization lacks in the so-called necessary conditions to start the urban revolution of the Old World, such as riverine plain, irrigation, levee works, use of wheel, plow cultivations, domestication of draft animals and tools of metal. In contrast to these deficiencies, the following items can be counted here as the first and essential conditions of giving birth to civilization; the cultural inheritance of the early Formative period, fairy intensive ‘milpa’ agriculture, moderately dense population, differentiation of professions and classes in society, appearance of priesthood, technology of stone masonry and stone carving, political pattern of incipient state with organized multicommunities, religeous cult and public ceremony.
    In the explanation of the beginning of civilization, the will-power of the incipient state which aims at gaining political and religeous effects, ought to be recognized as one of the main forces of the cultural activites.
  • 有井 琢磨
    1958 年 31 巻 6 号 p. 346-362
    発行日: 1958/06/01
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    The Ina Valley between the Kiso Mountains and the Ina Mountains, is one of the typical intermount basins in the Honshu Island. The valley is situated along the southeastern border of the Inner Zone of the Southwestern Japan, and its general strike runs almost parallel with the Median Dislacation Line which is one of the main geotectoniclines in the Japanese Islands.
    The valley (300-1, 000 meters in altitude) is 80 kilometers long from Tatsuno where the water of the Tenryu River gathers to form the main river to Hiraoka where it dissects the southwestern margin of the Ina Mountains. It is 15 kilometers wide from Takato to Tengu at the longest stretch in the valley. The maximum relative height between the Kiso Mountains and the valley is over 2, 300 meters, on the other hand that between the Ina Nountains and the valley is about 1, 500 meters.
    Many typical river terraces and fans are widely distribute in the northern half of this valley, while lots of gorges and the remains of the old basin-floor are well developed in the southern half. At the famous Tenryu-kyo, situated on the northern part in the investigated area of this study, the Tenryu River has taken its antecedent course for the first time, and the river runs finally through the Akaishi Mountains.
    Under what condition was this long valley formed? Many previous works on this problem carried out, but the writter has limitted his discussion to the tectonicforms, the fault topographies and the valley-floor inclined toward the upper reaches of the Tenryu River, in the southwestern area of this valley.
    Discussing the topics, in this paper, at first thet tpographical features in this area are described (_??_ig. 1); secondly the stratigraphical succession and the distribution of rocks and strata are expressed (_??_ig. 2); thirdly the distribution of the faults and that of the Tsukue-yama beds, the indicator of the displaced valley-floor, are mentioned (Fig. 2, 3 and 4); forthly the topographical significances of the faults (Fig. 5, 6 and 8) and the valley-floor inclined toward the upper reaches of the Tenryu River are discussed (Fig. 7); finally the geomonphological significances of the Southwestern Ina Valley are examined. The main subjects are summarized as follows:
    1. Judging from the distribution of the faults in this area, the Southwestern Ina Valley is a ramp valley (or a graben), it cannot be, however, concluded to be a typical one.
    2. There are several minor block basins and block hills in this ramp valley. The writter thinks that the Oshimojo, the Tomikusa, the Komaba, the Sankochi anc the Yonegawa Basin are the examples of the former, and the Miho hills are that of the latter.
    3. It seems probable that the valley-floor of this area, in total, was elevated in comparision with the base-levels of the area since late Miocene time. The amonnt of its up lift was, however, naturally smaller than those of the Kiso and the Ina Mountains.
    4. The fault movements which have affected the topographies in this area probably began in early Pliocene time and have been contenuous ever since. Strictly speaking, the movements in the early Pliocene time can be correlated with Kobayashi's Tobe phase, and those in Pleistocene time can be done Stilie's Pasadena phase and Kobayashi's Shobudani phase.
    5. Judging from the distribution of the Tsukue-yama beds, the valley-floor of this area was inclined toward the northwest, the upper reaches of the Tenryu River, after late Pliocene or early Pleistocene time. To be exact, the amount of the vertical displacement in the distance (10.5 kilometers) between Naka-yama and Tsukue-yama at Ryuto (the left bank of the Tenryu River) ranges 200-300 meters (Fig. 7-B(2)), while that in the distance (7.6 kilomers) between the west base of Nihonmatsu-yama atRyuto and Usui-bara at Ryusei (the righe bank of the river) ranges 250-300 meters.
  • 白浜 兵三
    1958 年 31 巻 6 号 p. 362-378
    発行日: 1958/06/01
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    1. The area of Shimofusa upland, a part of the dilluvial upland in Kanto district, speading over in “V” letter shape in the northern part of Chiba Prefecture, is a region where the pasture land for horse breeding had been reclaimed since the beginning of the Meiji era (1870-), and it is now one of the larg_??_st upland arable field areas in the plain of Kanto.
    2. On this arable upland, upland rice, sweet potatoes and miscellaneous cereals are generally grown as summer crops, and barley and wheat as winter ones. Besides these, in the western part of it (the western Shimofusa upland region), vegetables are grown for marketing to Tokyo, while in the eastern part (the eastern Shimofusa upland region) industrial crops such as peanuts, barley for beer-brewingand other cash crops, for instances, vegetable seeds are grown rather extensively. In the central portion of the latter, peanuts are grown so widely as to make them the most important cash crops for the farmers.
    3. The reason that the industrial crops are dominant in the eastern Shimofusa upland region, and truck farming has scarcely carried on, despite the favourable transportation facilities to Tokyo, is that the size of farming in acreage is remarkably bigger than that of other areas. Analyzing the agricultural statistics of cities, towns and villages in this upland, the coefficients of correlation between the percentage (c) of the area devoted to seven kinds of industrial crops, in which peanuts, tobaccoplant and mulberry are included, and the percentage (s1, s2, s3) of number of farm households (s1<0.5 ha, s2_??_1.0 ha, s3_??_1.5 ha, ) classified by the size of farming are as follows; r(c, S1)=0.39, r(c, s2)=0.51, (c, s3)=0.57
    4. Since the end of World War II, the farming in the core area of peanuts growing had been, for a time, in a more satisfactory condition than that in other area in Chiba Pref., for instance, than that of dairly farming in the southern area. This was mainly attained by the high price of peanuts.
    5. Since 1953, however, the demand of peanuts as the substitutes for candy and butter has decreased and the the import of Chinese peanuts has begun, the price has come down strikingly to a lower level. The price of other industrial crops has also the same tendency. Therefore, the farmers in the core area have come to realize that they have to introduce new elements such as vegetable growing or dairy or both two to their farming.
    6. If the farmers want to introduce such new branches, they have to plan to raise the level of their labour efficiency, especially in busy periods. This can only be realized by the applcation of live-stock power or farming machines, for instance, hand tractors or small shape cultivators, which were not used before. Such implements are presumed to obtain economically by the farmers who have more than 1.0-1.5 ha of cultivated area. From this respect numerous farm households in the core area are to be expected to take in such implements easily in future.
    7. If the level of their labour efficiency is raised by application of the above implements and both vegetable growing and dairy are positively carried on, it is sure that the gain from their farming will be greatly increased. Transportation to and from Tokyo can be facilitated by using small trucks. It is considered that the farming of this region is thus enabled to get out the condition of so-called “Agricultural Backward Area.”
  • 吉田 森
    1958 年 31 巻 6 号 p. 379-385
    発行日: 1958/06/01
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    福井冲積平野北部の芦原低湿地における水居農村集落の構造を探求して次のような結果を得た.
    1. 福井平野北部の低湿地の景観は特色のつよい集落・道路・米作単一耕地で構成されている.
    2. この景観の原初型は原初的輪中形である.この景観は現在もなお住民の農業生産を制約している.
    3. 集落は永い歴史の過程の中において,自然堤防の岑線中心に凝集し, 24戸の重密度宅地と2896, 26畝の水田と調和している.
    4. その農村集落はA家系優位の同族農家の系統で組たてられている.また7人衆地主が固定して防水・用水の管理を確にした.
    5. その結果集落は次の構造をもつた.
    a, 中世式な1個の求心状構造区
    b, 近世式な2個の路村構造区
    6. この集落は現代において次の2階層に分れる農家によつてみたされ, (b)種が標準農家となり,その経営の安定限界は略1町歩である.限界以下の (a)種は6戸あり, 12名の賃金労働者を出している.これを(b)単位の農家に換算すると3戸となり,水居の安定農家数は21戸となる.両種の農家は次のようである.
    x:耕作反別(畝) y:米の収量(昭和31年度)
    (a) 0畝-100畝までy1=0.247x
    (b) 101畝-520畝までy2=0,247x+5
  • 1958 年 31 巻 6 号 p. 386-402_2
    発行日: 1958/06/01
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 1958 年 31 巻 6 号 p. 402a
    発行日: 1958年
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 1958 年 31 巻 6 号 p. 402b
    発行日: 1958年
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
feedback
Top