Geographical Review of Japan
Online ISSN : 2185-1719
Print ISSN : 0016-7444
ISSN-L : 0016-7444
Volume 32, Issue 12
Displaying 1-5 of 5 articles from this issue
  • Fumio TAKANO
    1959 Volume 32 Issue 12 Pages 629-642
    Published: December 01, 1959
    Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    (1) The writer recognizes four types of urbanization. A) The metropolitan type. This is the type of urbanization which proceeds in the form of the continuous expansion of built-up area in the suburbs of a large city or the increase of comuters coming from the neighbouring rural villages to the city. This type, in either case, is the centrifugal extension of the economic power of the city. B) The regional center type. This is the type which comes in the form of the appearance of a new urban center or the development of the existing town at a nodal point of a region. This type is the centripetal concentration of the regional economic power. C) The industrialization type. This is the type which appears in the form of the birth and growth of a newly industrialized tract in the country. It is realized through the introduction of economic power from some outer region. D) The old-fashioned industry type. This is the type which is achieved in the form of the development of urban industries or old-fashioned local cottage industries in a region. This type is based on the capital brought forth spontaneously from local agricultural production.
    These four type are, of course, ideal types, and in actual cases they usually exist in a variety of mixed forms.
    (2) These four types are recognized in the corresponding stages of economics development. Of these four, B and D are the types of urbanization which may be achieved even in the time before the industrial revolution or in the pre-modern stage of economy. On the other hand, A and C are the types which are observed only in the time after the industrial revolution or in the stage of economy after the establishment of modern mode of production.
    (3) Among all these four types the common element is the transformation of a rural area which has its economical base on the primary industry into an urban area based on the secondary and tertiary industries. This is the substance of the urbanization. As an “area” is formed in the combination of the two elements of land and men, the decision whether an “area” is rural or urban should be made from the viewpoint of both land use and labour form. The condition of such areas which are in the process of urbanization usually shows a sort of circular structure around the city.
    I II III IV V
    metropolis inner-suburbs outer-suburbs hinterlands country
    Land use U U+r U+R R R
    Labor form U _??_R
    The process of urbanization of an area is designated in right-angled coordinates which take the degree of urbanization of land use on the vertical axis and that of labor form on the horizontal axis.
    (4) The differentia of ruralness and urbanity in a region, which is designated in terms of “land use and labour form”, is very important as the basis on which the concept of urbanization is clarified. It is also important that the idea of urbanization is originally that which has come into existence after industrial revolution, that is, the modern times. According to this view, only A and C types mentioned above should be included in the urbanization in the proper sense of the word, and B and D types only in a restricted sense. Thus the definition of “urbanization” could be as follows: “urbanization” means the transformation of a rural area into an urban one through the development of modern industries in the area. It must be noted, too, that urbanization is a concept narrower than that of modernization, and wider than that of industrialization.
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  • Ryuichi TSUCHI
    1959 Volume 32 Issue 12 Pages 642-652
    Published: December 01, 1959
    Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The flat plane at the top of Udo hill in the southeast of Shizuoka city is called “Nihon-daira”. Its topographic significance and the history of its developement are discussed with reference to the geologic structure. The planes of sedimentation in four stages are recognized as follows:
    Pleistocene _??_Kunozan plane (mostly destroyed by erosion)
    Nihondaira plane
    Kuniyoshida plane
    Recent Alluvial plain
    These planes have been repeatedly elevated by the unceasing doming-movement since the early Pleistocene age. In consequence, the hill is isolated from the mountainous hinterland by the alluvial plain.
    In the writer's opinion these Pleistocene planes are the ancient surfaces of delta-like fans which were formed in the inter-glacial stages. This means that their intervals were the glacial stages when the sea-level was lowered.
    It would be the best explanation for the topography of this area that it was figured not only by the doming movement but also by the glacial eustasy. In addition, there was an active agency which was the powerful transgression of rapid streams from the hinter mountains.
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  • Hiroyasu Yoshikawa
    1959 Volume 32 Issue 12 Pages 653-665
    Published: December 01, 1959
    Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The village economy of the late Tokugawa Era in the vicinity of Hachioji, a local city of western part of Tokyo with the population of 140, 000 was strongly influenced by the development of village merchants who were originally farmers or from rural families. The writer shows in this paper the special characteristics developed in the two villages : Yarimizu and Kobiki, as a result of the influence of village merchants and silk manufacturing of Hachioji, a local economic center.
    From earl Shogunate home manufacturing of silk was popular in the adjacent villages to the north of Hachioji and sericulture was popular in the village to the south. Farmers in these areas depended upon either silk manufacturing or sericulture, because they had not sufficient paddy fields, The development of Hachioji as a silk manufacturing center promoted the growth of village silk merchants. They they depended partly upon farming, either as part time farmers or as landowners. From this view-point they had different characteristics from the merchants in the town area of Hachioji. However, they became more dependent upon silk trading than farming. Therefore, some of them abondoned all or part of their direct connection with farming. As a result village pawn shops grew.
    Silk and cocoon merchants of Kobiki village adjacent to Hachioji grew under the direct influence of the commercial growth of Hachioji. On the other hand, merchants of Yarimizu were less dependent on Hachioji, They sold raw silk and cocoon not only to Hachioji but also to Yokohama, As Yarimizu was located farther from Hachioji than Kobiki was the influence from Hachioji was not so strong. The opening of Yokohama Harbour in 1859 attracted the merchants of Yarimizu. The population growth of these two villages was based on sericulture and its trade. This phenomenon was a conspicuous change among feudal villages which had depended mainly upon paddy farming, and it meant the dissolution of feudal economy.
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  • 1959 Volume 32 Issue 12 Pages 666-677,683_2
    Published: December 01, 1959
    Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • 1959 Volume 32 Issue 12 Pages 677-683
    Published: December 01, 1959
    Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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