地理学評論
Online ISSN : 2185-1719
Print ISSN : 0016-7444
ISSN-L : 0016-7444
32 巻, 5 号
選択された号の論文の5件中1~5を表示しています
  • 相馬 正胤
    1959 年 32 巻 5 号 p. 229-246
    発行日: 1959/05/01
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    Terakawa is one of the villages in the shifting cultivation areas lying in the western part of Shikoku mountain district and has 17 farmhouses. This village is situated along the uppermost course of the River Yoshino with the mountain path leading to Setouchi Region through the pass, 1, 400 meters above the sea. In this mountainous village is grown barnyard grass as the dominant crop of shifting cultivation on the slopes of the coniferous forest zone over 1, 000 meters above the sea. The cultivation on this zone marks the characteristics of land utilization in high regions in South. Western Japan. The author intends to study the shifting cultiation at Terakawa in relation to the social structure of mountain villages and to make clear that it is one of the main constituent elements of the village civilization.
    (1) At Terakawa the shifting cultivation has developed since the early period of the Shogunate Days, because the feudal lord of Tosa (K.chi prefecture) encouraged the villagers to practise it as their means of self-support in order to maintain the mountain village in the borderland. They offered their laboour to their lord to guard the boundary zone and to carry on the lumber industry under his management. The organization of the village, containing about twenty houses at that time, was modern; there they were living under almost equal conditions.
    (2) In the form of the shifting cultivation in the early days we find out its original one. The arable land near the village was allotted_??_to each farmer, while the vast areas of woodlands utilized as shifting fields were held in common. Barnyard grass was an important crop on the shifting fields, which were cultivated in succession for about three years and then laid fallow for about forty years. During the cultivation term all the farmers removed to the fields, and stayed there from April to November. When one section of the field was abandoned, they removed to another section of the woodland, where they burned new fields. The effective management of the shifting cultivation needed the methodical system of land and labour utilization; thence the remarkable village community such as Terakawa was established as the principal organization of management of the shifting cultivation.
    (3) In the border region of the mountain district the lord's forest lands and the villagers' woodlands under the shifting cultivation were on competitve conditions. Since the breakdown of the feudal system the lord's land fell into the hands of the government, but owing to the fact that the state control became inactive by 1390', woodlands on the borderland were yet used in common by the villagers and the development of the shifting culivation was so remarkable that some thirty families (principally sharecroppers) came to this village from Setouchi Region. When the control of the border land by nation became more rigid in 1910', the shiting cultivation of the frontier was declining. The afforestation on national lands had advanced by time. The areas in this region had been distinctly divided into two zones, forested and agricultural.
    (4) Now the lands as at Terakawa are privately owned and the shifting cultivation, too, is managed individually. Though the scale of the shifting culture is being reduced owing to the enclosure of common lands promoted by nation, it is more systematical and larger at Terakawa than any other places. There is no paddy field owing to the particular lay of the land and one farmer's permanent field averages 0.2 acres. So the shifting cultivation is very important as the self-sufficient agriculture. Though their economic life is controlled by capitalism, they remain self-supporting with regard to food which consists princpally of barnyard grass. The staple crop in shifting fields at Terakawa is barnyard grass as before.
  • 稲見 悦治
    1959 年 32 巻 5 号 p. 246-255
    発行日: 1959/05/01
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    It is the one of noteworthy things to see in the narrow mountanious island country like Japan, how and to what extent the high and gradient lands are actually cultivated. And this kind of investigation has been done hitherto largely in the central mountanious district and in the skirt of various volcanoes. As a result, apart from the mutual relation between the farming land and its height in which the latitude of the place plays a large part, it has been reported, in the case of gradient land, that the gradient of the land suitable for cultivation should be smaller than 15°. And the same kind of investigation was applied to that of the Island of Awaji, one of the islands in Inland Sea (Setonaikai) where the cultivation of gradient lands is highly developed. It has been proved that the greater part of the Island of the Island of Awaji which has the gradient of 20° or more and is used as paddy fields or orchards, as expected before the investigation, exceeds the average gradientof 15°. Of course, most paddy fields or orchards have the gradient of 10_??_15° or of less than that. Therefore, the limit of the gradient in the farming land of the islands in the Inland Sea where almost all islands are cultivated to their sum mits, has an eminent difference compared with that of the United States, little difference compared with the average limit of the gradient in our country. There was little difference between the limits of the gradient in the farming land and that of urban dwelling area in the city of Ashiya. In short, the limit of the gradient both in farming lands and dwelling areas in the steeply sloping cities is to be under 15° in our country.
  • 加藤 昭一
    1959 年 32 巻 5 号 p. 256-260
    発行日: 1959/05/01
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    On the southern slope of Mt. Ogi and Momokura in Yamanashi Prefecture, there runs a thrust fault line where an easy slope lies toward the River Katsuraa Though it seems as if it were the river terrace of the River Katsura, the slope consists of rock dust called Miyatani rock-dust-bed containing rock-dustbed slate, hornfels, diorite and andesite and the fine material bed alternately. According to the results of my observation, it is 24.82 meters thick at Jakotsuzawa, and the Miyatani rock-dust-bed runs down with a dip of 8°_??_14° from Mt. Momokura to the River Katsura or the River Kuzuno, The upper part is seen even when the surface of the earth is cut, and blue-grayband of clay material containing tiny plantseeds lies in the lower.
    Judging from the facts I conclude as follows:
    1) The bed rock is of the conglomerate of the River Katsura.
    2) Upon the bed rock were deposited in the still water blue-gray band and Miyatani rock-dust-bed.
    3) After that the bed rock was elevated and the present surface was formed, but rejuvenation took place again.
  • 田中 真吾
    1959 年 32 巻 5 号 p. 260-266
    発行日: 1959/05/01
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
    I, We have often observed that a number of gullies tend to develop along some ridges of granitic hills in the vicinity of Hofu City, Yamaguchi prefecture, western part of Japan. The writer studied on the distribution of those gullies in specially gully-developed hill. As a result, it is recognized that most gullies lie on the north-western side of the hill where a settlement is located (Fig. 1).
    2. The characters of those gullies are as follows a the width varies from 1 to more than 10 meters, the depth from 0.5 to some 7 meters, the length 20 meters and over and the cross section shows V-shaped.
    3. To make clear the cause of these gullying on this area, the writer tried some observations and measurements; the measurement of slope-gradient, effective depth of soil, water content, soil texture, Atterberg's limits, etc. From the results of these observations and measurements, however, he could not obtain any distinctive difference in each character between the vegetated slope and the adjacent bare land in the same ridges (Table 1).
    4. He gave an attention to a large variance, however, on the porosity of the upper layer of soil at those respective stations of observation in any ridge, and he made attempts of measurements of infiltra tion-capacity on three adjacent stations, i. e., above-mentioned two sites and on a narrow path, in two ridges. The way of mesurement was as follows: using a cylinder (emptied can) with about 10 cm in diameter, the writer inserted it carefully into soil surface as deep as 10cm and over under natural condition, poured difinite quantity of pure water into the cylinder, and timed how soon the water from the soil surface within the instrument disappeared. He repeated its procedure until a constant infiltration rate was obtained.
    5. The results are shown as Fig. 2 and 3; the former shows the results on the two sites, vegetation slope and bare land; the latter on the adjacent three sites, that is, vegetation slope, bare land and path. In any case constant infiltration rates in the last duration of measurement are the highest on the vegetation areas, less higher on the bare land and the lowermost on the path of this hill. That is, on the path and bare land, surface run-off should be much greater than on the vegetation slope. It is considered, therefore, that a great deal of surface run-off on the path and bare land and rain-beat actions on those areas brought about a serious accelerated erosion (gullying action) over there.
    6. Fig. 3 obviously shows that the values of the measurements on Hino area (H) are higher than on Akasaki area (A). This character is assumed to be a reflection of difference in land control manner; the Hino area with denser vegetions and smoother slopes has been a private land since the ancient time, whereas the Akasaki area with poor vegetations and rugged topography has been a common land for a long time.
    7. As for the cause of gullying along the ridges, he thinks it because of most paths running on the ridges in Akasaki area. It must be easier for one to walk on the ridges sloped by 10_??_15 degrees than on the slope bottoms or in valleys both of which are covered with thick bushes and loose materials in this weathered granitic hill; accordingly, most people would have mainly walked on the ridges.
    8. It seems that the gullying started more than 200 years ago.
  • 1959 年 32 巻 5 号 p. 267-286_2
    発行日: 1959/05/01
    公開日: 2008/12/24
    ジャーナル フリー
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