Analysing the results of the repeated 1st order precise leveling, we must recognize the ground subsidence in the vicinity of Niigata City (Fig. 1. 4). In contrast with the gentle subsidence up to 1951, the ground subsidence since 1951 reached to a remarkable amount. For instance, compared with the ground subsidence of 450mm between 1899-1958, the subsidence in 1958 at the same bench mark No. 4425 in Niigata City marks about 100mm. It is considered that such a remaskable subsidence in recent years is mainly due to the result of taking up of the natural gas and that natur subsidence covers only a small part.
The main purpose of this paper is to gain the percentage of the ground subsidence due to the crustal movement and the soil compaction, although the recent remarkable subsidence must have been caused mainly by the underground natural gas mining considering from the correspondence between the mining districts and the depressing area, the depth of gravel layer from which the natural gas is mainly pumped up and the depth of compacting strata recorded by the observation well of the compaction, and the time correspondence between gas production and the accelated subsidence.
The gravel layer corresponding to the lowered sea level in the last ice age is recognized at 170m below sea level around the City of Niigata. On the other hand, the amount of the lowering of the sea level at that time is estimated as 90-100m by Woldstedt.
So we can get 75m for the amount of the subsidence by the crustal movement since the last stage of the lowering of the sea level by the glacial eustasy. Chronological data show us 20, 000-25, 000 years past since the atest ice age. Hence, we can estimate 3.7mm as the annual subsidence due to the crustal movement. So, the subsidence 220mm may be covered by the crustal movement in the total subsidence 450mm.
The investigation of the site of each bench mark reverals the fact that bench marks situated on the landform composed of loose material, for instance, on the wet delta plain, show about 50mm more subsidence compared with the bench marks on the sandy area, natural levee, sand dune etc.
Now we can get the following results:
subsidence due to the crustal movement 49%
subsidence due to soil compaction 11%
subidence due to the artificial work 40%
As to the recent extraordinary subsidence 100mm/year, the former two may scarecely occupy 5%.

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On ne pourrait pas bien comprendre la particularité du capitalisme japonais sans savoir, d'un côté, le développement des capitaux industriels, et, de l'autre, l'évolution du régime de propriété foncière.
Nous allons montrer les résultats des recherches que nous avons poursuivies sur ces deux points basant sur les chiffres statistiques du Japon complètées pour la première fois en 1880.
Fig. 1 i, montre la production de riz par tan (_??_d'hectars) de chaque kuni (la province de démarcation antérieur à la révolution de Meiji) en 1880.
Fig. 1 ii. montre la production de blé par tan de chaque kuni en 1880.
Fig. 1 iii, montre le prix par tan de la rizière en 1882.
Fig. 2 i. montre le pourcentage de la ferme de chaque gun (arrondissement) vers 1883-1884.
Fig. 2 ii. montre le pourcentage de la ferme de chaque gun en 1947.
Fig. 3. montre le nombre d'usines qui se trouvent dans chaque gun vers 1883-1884.
L'examen de ces figures nous révèle que les régions où le pourcentage de ferme est haut ne sont pas identiques aux régions où les usines soot nombreuses et que les fermes abondent dans les régions de rizières, tandisque la manufacture fait progrès dans les régions où prédomine la proportion des champs secs qui sont, par nature, favorables pour le développement de l'agriculture commerciable. Ce fait montre que la classe paysanne s'est differenciée aux manières bien variées.
Si nous comparons l'une avec l'autre les deux figures qui montrent les différents pourcentages de ferme, nous découverirons que le contraste entre la partie nord-est et la partie sud-ouest du Japon finit par se renverser au tours de 83 ans. Cela provient de la différence de vitesse à laquelle a fait progrès l'économie de chacune de ces deux parties. La faiblesse de la force productrice que nous trouvons dans la partie nord-est a fait retarder son progrès économique.

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1. Snow Survey of the Northwest Slopes of Mt. Tsugamori
This survey was made on the northwest slopes of Mt. Tsugamori (1, 650 meters in height), in the winter of 1958-59. The course of the survey was set up in the altitudes from 500 meters to 1, 300 meters above sea level. As a survey-point was set at every altitude of 50 meters, there were seventeen in number. The survey was carried out nine times, their dates being Jan, 18, Feb. 1, 8, 15, 26, Mar. 10, 21, Apr. 1, and 12. From this survey we have discovered the following.
(1) The relation of the depth of snows to altitude, when it is shown by means of a graph, is illustrated by two different parts of line, demarcated at the altitude of about 1, 000 meters. In the part below 1, 000 meters, the line is convex, and in the altitudes higher than 1, 000 meters, the line is straight. And the form of the line representing the quantity of water equivalent to the snows at different altitudes is the same as above.
(2) The relation of the average density of snows to altitude is as follows. During the snow deepening period, the density is small at lower points. But as the altitude increses, the density becomes greater. And during the thawing period, the density at every altitude is greater than during the above period., and it represents a similar value. Then, during the snow flowing period, the density at every altitude is far greater, and that the density at lower elevations is greater than at higher elevations.
(3) The curved line which represents the depth of the snows at different altitudes and that which represents the quantity of water equivalent to the snows at different altitudes, are convex in the part below 1, 000 meters. This is due to the following reasons: in addition to the main snowfall which the northwest monsoons bring there, the east winds blow in from the Itaya Pass (760 meters in height) and these winds are cooled, and the water vapor which they contain is condensed and changed into snow, and that, the snows there are made difficult to melt away by them. Next, the reason why the curve representing the density of the snows at different altitudes is concave is as follows: the depth of the snows there is great, and the quality of the snows does not change rapidly, and that the density is small.
(4) The periodical changes of the quantity of water equivalent to the snows are classified into three types.
(i) In the altitudes below 700 meters, a peak of the quantity of water equivalent to the snows is observed only on Feb. 15. (ii) In the altitudes of 700-1, 000 meters, two peaks are observed on Feb. 15 and on Mar. 21, but the peak of the former is higher than that of the latter. (iii) In the altitudes of 1, 000-1, 400 meters, the peak of Apr. 1 is higher than any other peak. Hence it follows that the peak of Feb. 15 is not so high. These peaks were formed due to the following facts from the middle of February until early March, the atmospheric temperature was high, and the snows melted away and flowed down, and afterwards, in the middle of March, the temperature went down, and snow fell. But in the altitudes below 700 meters, the temperature did not go down as it became snow, and it became rain. So, peaks cannot be observed at that time. Nevertheless, in the average year, the quantity of water equivalent to the snows will fill the space between the two peaks, and will form only one great peak in the first 10 days of March.
2. Snow Survey of the Catchment Basin of Lake Yonezawa
(1) On Feb. 26-27. 1959, we made the survey of the quantity of water equivalent to the snows in the catchment basin of Lake Yonezawa. This area extends over 67.36 square kilometers. The survey-pointes numbered sixty-six. The calculation of the quantity of water equivalnet to the snows in the whole area was made in this way.

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