There is a relatively extensive upland called the “Shirasu” Plateau in southern Kyûshû covering most parts of Kagoshima Prefecture and southern part of Miyazaki Prefecture, Dwellers on this plateau have severely suffered from the scarcity of water for their farming practices for a long time, because “shirasu” which would etymologically mean “white sand, ” a sort of volcanic ash and sand, is very permeable, causing rapid penetration of rain water into the lower layers. Thus the dwellers have had to get water only from very deep wells or springs on the sides of dissecting valleys. Water getting has been a very hard work for them. But a striking change has recently occurred, which I dare say is a sort of revolution. Of late, many water works have been conducted almost all over the plateau, and the dwellers are now able to get water much more easily than they could imagine before.
The reasons why the water works have been done despite such a short period are explained firstly by the fact that they can be made very cheaply now as a result of recent rapid and phenomenal progress in technics of water work. A second reason is the government's financial aid. Lastly, efforts made by the city and town authorities should be noted.
The “Shirasu” Plateau is a very important geographic unit which is quite characteristic of southern Kyûshû. Therefore its relation to the life of dwellers is an interesting object of geographical reasearch. But we must not forget that the “Nature” is not the decisive factor for the formation of a region, but is only one factor, that is to say, the technical, economic, and political factors are also to be considered. Keeping these in mind, the, author studied the “Shirasu” Plateau of southern Kyûshû.

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In this paper I shall present a theory a little different from those which have been done on origins of spits, bars, coastal dunes and some other similar geographical features, such as off-shore bars, land-tied islands and so on, by referring to the results of my survey on the Tagonoura Dune.
I. Tagonoura Dune.
The Tagonoura Dune lying between the mouth of the Fuji River and the Ushibuse Hill on the north coast of Suruga Bay, central Japan, is composed of the following sub-divisions:
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Major characteristics of the Tagonoura Dune are as follows:
1) The dune lies east-west curving gently northwanrd, and is 22 kilometers long, 200_??_900 meters wide and 5_??_10 meters high (20 meters at the highest).
2) The dune has an anticline-like structure dipping 5°_??_10°S•5°N with an east-west strike.
3) The dune is formed both of the upper group chiefly composed of upper aeolian deposits and of the lower group chiefly of bar deposits. The lower group further consists both of upper part of the upper bar deposits and of the lower bar deposits covered with lower aeolian deposits.
4) The formation composing the bar deposits shows apparently a bedding 10 centimeters thick.
5) The sand and gravels in the formation of the sand bar are well sorted.
6) The bar deposits contain more or less silt in it.
7) In the bar formation are several sheets of fine siltose gravel bed sandwiched.
8) In the bar deposits is found a thin scoria bed.
9) Several sheets of lens-like gravel bed are found. Gravels are larger than 4 mm. in diameter.
10) In the bar deposits a cross-bedding is perceivable.
11) In the lower group are found five disconformities and one unconformity.
12) Relation between upper and lower groups is of unconformity.
13) In the lower group can be percieved a face eroded by the current inside the sand dune.
14) The chief supplier of the materials composing the Ukishima Dune is the Fuji River and that of the Sembon Dune is the Kano River.
15) In some cases the bar deposits are composed of great boulders bigger than 2 meters in diameter, e. g., at Ôse Point on the northwest coast of the Izu Peninsula.
II. On the origin of some geographical features similar to coastal dune.
1) Greater part of the materials composing the dune is supplied from mountains in the watershed of a nearby river or from the coast eroded by waves.
2) One of the two chief forming agencies of the dune is stream, and the other shore current.
3) The materials carried ashore by a long shore current are deposited long and narrow on the bottom of shallow sea, growing later with regression into a bar, the beginning stage of a coastal dune.
4) With surfs and sea breezes aeolian deposits settle on a bar and the coastal dune is formed.
5) Regression which did much for the formation of the coastal dune is supposed to have occurred in the Cenozoic glacial age.
6) The Tagonoura Dune is presumed to have been formed before 100 B. C. from archaeological and paleontological researches.
7) Developmental differences on the bed of shallow sea cause such different topographies on the ground as spits, bars, off-shore bars, land-tied islands, etc.
I believe that the above-mentioned interpretations are applicable to the study of origin of most geographical features similar to a coastal dune which are found in Japan in a large number.

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It is the primary purpose of this study to make clear the structural characteristics of the Shinjuku busy quarter, which is one of the busiest quarters in Tôkyô, together with the comprehension of the general form of a busy quarter in a large city.
Investigations into the Shinjuku busy quarter were done for five months from March to August in 1963 relative to the following two items:
(1) Stores and other economic establishments. All of these establishments were plotted on a blank map so that the related analysis could be made.
(2) Pedestrians. Number of pedestrians was counted by streets and also by sex. Daily alterations were also considered.
Based on the above-mentioned two kinds of investigations, the following characteristics were revealed concerning the busy quarter of Shinjuku:
(1) Classification of establishments and their ratios. The establishments are divided into two categories; those of prosperous streets and of ordinary streets. After dividing the former into minor categories, their ratios were calculated.
(2) Zonal division. Three major zones are recognized in the Shinjuku busy quarter in terms of the pro-portion of establishments by kinds, number of pedestrians, and the ratio off women out of the total pedestrians. These three major zones can be further subdivided into 26 minor zones.
(3) Consideration of the principles of zonal arrangement. As a result of the detailed investigation of the busy quarter of Shinjuku, the general principles concerning the formation of a busy quarter and its areal arrangement were considered.

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Fishery in Peru, which was fast developing during World War II by the export of canned and frozen fish and others, began to recede after the war chiefly by the taxation policy of the United States of America and the competition with the fishery of Japan in the American (USA) market. However, it could develop amazingly by changing from table fish to anchovy for fish meal. In 1963 Peru's fish production became the top in the world. Today almost all of its catches are anchovy as fish meal, caught near the coast. Small enterprises dominate and are ruled by fish meal companies owned by Peruvians throught the contract of fish selling. At present, large enterprises are non-existent among Peruvians, but merger has been becoming commoner of late. Invasion of foreign capitals is now to be seen and large factories are being built.
Most of the fish meal are exported and this is one of the most important items of export, along with agricultural and mineral products. Its marine production is now ranked first in the world but the amount of money gained by fishery is not large because of the cheapness of anchovy.

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