A survey on the change in the sphere of urban influence between 1955 and 1968 was carried out in the middle and western area of Kanagawa Prefecture except Kawasaki, Yoko-hama, Miura, and Tsukui districts using the questi.onaire method for the following 10 indices commuter, underwear, man's suit and woman's dress, doctor, hospital, movie, bank, library, department store, and dace to where man goes on a holiday.
The questionaires were collected from n 1, 815 families with the first grade students of 10 high schools in this area. The dependence ratio of the unit district to central place was cal-culated by the method shown as the following example.
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From the table, the dependence ratio of X district to center is given as follows: A 61.0%, B……31. 5%, and C……7.5%. An increase (decrease) of the dependence ratio during 13 years means that the dependence relation between the unit district and the central place has become closely (weakly). Therefore, we are able to observe on the change in the sphere of urban influence dealing with changes of the dependence ratio.
Fig. 1 shows the change in the sphere of urban influence. Ten indices stated above can be classified into two levels of hierarchy, for local and regional centers: Local center…… bank, underwears, doctor, and commuters. Regional center ……man's suit and woman's dress, hospital, movie, department store, and place to where man goes on holiday.
(Note: (1) Although library was included in the indices, this was not adopted because of few responsers and of indistinct character as an index. (2) Hospital indicates the level of lower order of regional center, and department store, and place to where man goes on a ho- liday, indicate the level of higher order.)
Hiratsuka, Odawara, Fujisawa, and Atsugi are the regional centers. On the other hand, the north-eastern district of Kanagawa Prefecture situates under the influence of Machida and Hachioji, which are the cities in Tokyo. Matsuda, Yamakita, Minami-ashigara, Hatano, Isehara, Chigasaki, Yamato and Sagamihara are the local centers. The pattern and system of these centers are shown in Fig. 2. The boundaries of the sphere of urban influence of the local center are almost same to the administrative boundary, and the changes of the boundaries and their dependence ratio are scarcely recognized. However, in the north-eastern district mentioned above, two new local centers (Yamato and Sagamihara) have been formed by the increased population due to the marked industrialization and urbanization in the recent time.
The changes in the sphere of urban influence of the regional center are very distinctive in comparison with those of the local center. The influence of the regional center infiltrates into the sphere of the local center. So that the sphere of the local center has been reduced or vanished. The centers, Matsuda, Yamakita, Isehara, and Chigasaki, have lost the centrality as the regional center, and the sphere of Hatano has been reduced and the level of hierarchy of Hatano is changing from the regional center to the local one. On the other hand, the centrality as the regional center of Atsugi has been forming.
The area east of the Sagami River locates under the influence of regional center Hachioji, Machida, and Fujisawa, but the metropolitan cities, Tokyo and Yokohama, are adding the influence force. It is considered that the reasons are: 1. Difference of inhabitant character. The area east of the Sagami River is situated near the Keihin industrial zone. Therefore, commuters from this area to Tokyo and Yokohama are in great numbers, and accordingly, the orientation to the higher order center is distinct. 2. Development of transportation. As there are many national and private railway lines in this area, the accecibility to Tokyo and Yokohama is strong.

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El estudio paleoclimático de la zona norte de los Andes bolivianos es muy importante a los efectos de conocer sus oscilaciones y correlacionarlas con los cambios climáticos ocurridos a escala mundial. Con ese objeto, el autor ha investigado la oscilación de los frentes en retroceso de diez glaciares en la Cordillera Real.
El último período glacial (Milluni y post-glacial) se divide en siete etapas, reconocidas en base a las morenas terminales y de retroceso o regresión. A partir de la morena terminal, y hacia la zona apical del glaciar, se reconocen seis grupos de morenas de retroceso. Cada uno de los grupos tiene el mismo n número de morenas en los diez valles investigados. Además, la disposición continua de la distancia entre morenas es común para Cada valle.
Concluyendo, los frentes de los glaciares fluctuaron al mismo ritmo y en la misma forma, Este hecho se debió a los cambios climáticos ocurridos en toda la regional.

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According to the climatological records by the Irako Meteorological Station, the strong winds blow from E-S during the typhoon season, while NW during the winter monsoon period. The observed maximum record of mean wind velocity was 45.4m/s with peak gust 55.3m/s brought by “Isewan-Typhoon” on Sept. 26, 1959.
In this study, the distributions of the wind velocity and direction under the influence of micro-topography were first dealt with. Figs. 1, 2 and 3 present the isopleth of the wind velocity or direction based on the every three minutes observation. In Fig. 1, it is shown that, in the case of northerly or northwesterly prevailing winds, the wind velocity is stronger at the windward point (St. 6) in contrast to the point (St. 3) just behind the col. As a mean state in the forenoon on Sept. 8, the wind velocity at St. 6 was 5. 19m/s, against to 3.25m/s at St. 3 as given in Table 2.
The isopleths of wind velocity (Fig. 2) as well as the wind direction (Fig. 3) in the afternoon on Sept. 8 do show very clear contrast between the windward and the leeward slopes, because the prevailing southeasterly winds flow over the col directly from the sea. From St. 3 to St. 4, the wind velocity decreased about half and further from St. 4 to St. 5, it became half. The mean values are shown on the lower part of Table 2. The wind direction changed gradually from SE to SSE at St. 4 and to S or SSW at St. 5. Between St. 5 and St. 6 there appeared variable wind direction as caused by eddies formed behind the col. At St. 6 one observed this variable wind direction at some intervals, but mostly E-ENE. When the SW-SSW winds appear at St. 5, the winds are weaker at the same station and also weaker at St. 6 with variable direction in most cases.
Nextly, the prevailing wind direction indicated by the wind-shaped trees of black pine (Pines Thunbergii) were investigated. The results show an interesting fact as given in Fig. 4, that the prevailing wind is westerly on the coast of Ise Bay, but southerly on the coast of Enshu-nada, the Pacific coast. This different two directions seem to be caused by the salty winds from the sea. Therefore, the following observation on the salty wind damage of the pine trees were made along the cross-section A-B on Fig. 4 in detail.
Fig. 5 presents percentage of the yellow, mixed and green leaves from the front (St. 3) to the point 310m inner side of the forest. The upper part of Fig. 5 is the state of the sea side of the tree-tops, the lower part the inland side. It must be worthy to note that percentage of the yellow leaves as caused by the salty winds decreases sharply at the points between 20 to 30m from the front of the forest. Then, percentage is almost same at the points inner side of the forest.
Greater salinity of the salt adhered to leaves was observed on the windward leaves after the 17-18 hour exposure to the prevailing wind from the sea. It was also made clear that the leaves on the Ise Bay side of the trees on the Ise Bay slope showed 2-10 times greater salinity as compared with that of the inland side of the trees. Same things were said to the leaves on the Enshu-nada side of the trees on the Enshû-nada slope. These results may support the idea that the two prevailing wind directions, westerly winds on the Ise Bay coast and southerly on the Enshû-nada coast, which were revealed in Fig. 4, were caused by the relatively strong salty winds on the respective coasts.

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