Coastal sand dunes in Japan are cultivated to a certain degree, but generally speaking, farming is inefficient there. In the northern part of the Shonai Plain the soil of the dunes was producing poor harvests for many years. Since a new national road was built through the region in 1966, however the land use has become more intensive. Owing to the new road, it has become easy to transport harvested crops from fields to farm-houses and also from the region to the market. As motor vehicles and hand cultivators came to be used more easily, the efficiency of labor was elevated. The paddy field with a vinyle sheet spread at the bottom somewhat like a swimming pool has increased in the number along this National Road. By pumping up und-erground water, the farmers have turned the hungry sandy soil into a productive land. Formerly there were various crops and livestocks in the region, but today the farmers raise only a few kinds of crops chiefly, which are paddy and vegetables including vegetable fruits. Especially, the production of vegetables such as Oriental melons, water melons, strawberry, and radish has increased. These are mostly shipped to the markets of the Tokyo metropolitan area, the Osaka urban region, and Hokkaido. Along the national road water melons and oriental melons are sold here and there at the retail stands managed by the producers themselves.
Most of the farmers there are very small tillers living in the dune settlements, whose cultivated area is only 93 ares on the average. Men at the prime of life usually earn incomes from non-farming jobs, which fact implies that the main supporters of the agricultural production are people of the older generation and women. But, in early mornings or on Sundays it is possible to see men of the younger generation operating farm-machines, and in fact, they are part-time farmers. Under these circumstances, it is difficult for the farmers to manage a large area for vegetable growing by means of higher techniques as in the case of hothouses. Nevertheless, vegetable production is by no means small on the dune region, since there exist a large number of farmers, even if they are very small in size.

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Examplifing the smaller river basins in Aichi Prefecture where many typical inland industries are formed, the author investigated the relationships between the chemical composition of river water and the annual production of industries as well as the resi-dential population per unit area (1km₂) in the catchment area upstream from the observation station. The results are briefly summarized as follows:
(1) Close relationships were obtained between the density of industrial production (annual production of industries per unit area in ten million yen/km², year) and the concentration of dissolved matters in river waters. That is, with rise of the density of industrial production, the COD value and the concentration of NH₄-N, PO₄-P, SO'' and Fe^''+'' increase progressively, on the other hand, the saturation level of DO de-creases gradually. Correlation was not obtained between the density of industrial production and the concentration of Cl', whereas a significant relationship was found between the population density of residents and the concentration of Cl' (See Figs. 3a_??_3g and 4a).
(2) There were different tendencies in the increases of the concentration of a certain dissolved matter. I t was found that the difference in the increasing tendencies depended on the difference of the types of industries dominating in river basins (See Figs. 5a and 5b).
(3) Examining the relationship between the density of industrial production and the COD value for the type of industries dominating in river basins, the density of industrial production corresponding to 10mg/l of COD are shown as below:
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(4) The density of industrial production corresponding to 50% of DO saturation was nearly equal to the value mentioned in (3).
(5) As to the relationship between the population density of residents and the concentration of dissolved matters in river waters, correlations were not found for the basins where COD load by industrial waste waters is four or five times larger than that of domestic discharges. However, in the case of treating all rivers it was observed that the concentration of dissolved matters (exclusive of DO) began to increase when the population density of residents became larger than 100_??_200 persons per km².
(6) Examining the relationship between the population density of residents and the COD value in river basins where COD loads by industrial waste waters were relatively small, the population density of residents corresponding to 5mg/l of the lowest COD value was within the range of 2, 000_??_3, 000 persons per km² (See Fig. 4c).
Therefore, for urbanized regions where industrialization was not remarkable, it would be safe to consider that the population density of residents corresponding to 10mg/l of the lowest COD value will be the order of 10, 000 persons per km² in Aichi Prefecture.
(7) Considering the relationship between the COD value in river waters and the sum of daily COD load by industrial waste waters and that by domestic sewage per unit area, COD loads corresponding to 10mg/l of the lowest COD was around 100kg/ km². day (See Fig. 6).

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This paper aims to clear the condition of location prerequisite to the growth of rental factories evaluated to be the lowest stratum among small and medium sized enterprises, dealing particularly with the case of Higashi-Osaka which has had a remarkable increase of these factories. Built both sides of a four-meters-wide road, these rental factories, when viewed from outside, are like one-storied apartment houses, partitioned in from five to ten apartments, each of which has no more than a one-car garage space in size. The rent for these garage type factories averages 30, 000 yen (approximately US _??_ 114) a month. Land-holders find it more lucrative to build rental factories than apartment houses. The reasons More profit accrues and less building cost is needed per unit of land.
Higashi-Osaka, a combined city of former three cities, Fuse, Kawachi, and Hiraoka in 1967, situated on a low, wet area of the old Yamato River except the parts on the foot of Ikoma Mountain range, has been suffering from extraordinary land subsidence since around 1962 due to the enormous use of underground water for the industrial purposes.
The rental factories are concentrated in Higashi-Osaka, occupying 43.2% of the whole factories with less than three factory workers in this city. Their number has been on a notable increase especially since around 1965. Previously, the ordinary rental houses or apartments were remodelled into factories, which are called old rental factories. New rental factories, however, have been built, as was already mentioned, for factory use only from the beginning. New factories are being built around small and medium sized enterprises decentralized according to the city planning from the eastern part of Osaka City.
Research for factors of rental factory location has proved the following facts: The lessors of these factories are owners of the farmland assigned not for farming zone but for semi-industrial or residential zone by the local government's zone planning. The lessees of these factories are the laborers who have worked so far in Osaka City. The rental factories have started their business with receiving orders from their parent companies. Desiring to be independent factory owners, the lessees, with little fund and no employee, are well prepared to work by manipulating several machines by themselves. Namely, the lessees themselves are also laborers. The rental factories manufacture parts and accessories of various machines.
Extremely low profit is compensated with lessees' overwork with utter negligence of labor regulation.
The problematical points on the rental factories are as follows:
1. They are far from modern management with capital and management being unseparated.
2. Poorly equipped and dangerously operated with no labor control, the rental factories find it difficult to secure factory hands.
3. They are much involved with public hazards noise, offensive smell, industrial waste water, and industrial refuse.
4. They are subject to the economical fluctuations.
5. While small and medium sized enterprises recently have a tendency to be reorganized, some of them having moved out to industrial complex located in suburbia and designated by the local government for their industrial activities known as kogyo danchi, the rental factories are outside the scope of application to the industrial reorganization program, too many in number and lack in fund making it impossible to move into kogyo danchi.
6. The rental factories have the following influences over the neighboring district.
(a) Concentration of these rental factories has resulted in changing adjacent farming community into the slums.
(b) The rental factories cause the environmental destruction.
In order to prevent from their expansion, appropriate means and measures of the local government are essential,

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This paper is an attempt to establish an agricultural regionalization of central Kanto District first by identifying the basic dimensions of a set of sixty variables by means of factor analysis, and then, by using Ward's hierarchical classification to group the eighty observational units according to how they score on these dimensions. Con-sideration is focussed on the interpretation of these basic dimensions (factors), the distribution patterns of their scores, the grouping tendencies and the characteristics of four agricultural regions.
The area of this study, central Kanto District, is a northeastern sector of the Tokyo metropolitan region. The outer fringe of the area is about 80km from the civic center of Tokyo. Agriculture in this area involves various types of production with close connection to Tokyo, the greatest market of agricultural products in Japan. In this area the percentage of paddy field to the arable land is smaller than that of other districts because of its topographical conditions. The most important agricultural product, however, is rice. Other chief products are vegetables, hogs, eggs, chicken, pears, chestnuts, tobacco, fluid milk, etc.
Sixty variables were selected particularly to indicate agricultural elements in addi-tion to other characteristics of economic activities or land use, for eighty administrative subdivisions (cities, towns and villages) of this area. The 80 × 60 data matrix was subjected to factor analysis, and fifteen factors (each eigen value of more than 1.0) were extracted. These 15 factors accounted for 83. 1 % of the total variance.
Factor I, the most important one accounting for 22. 8 % of the total variance, shows rurality and reflects the relative weight and stability of agriculture. It also influences farm size, percentage of parttime farmers and density of rural population to the arable lands. The other axis of this factor illustrates the characteristics of urban area and of agriculture in rapidly urbanizing area. Judging from the distribution pattern of the scores on Factor I, areas of high rurality are distributed between the Tohoku and Joban Railways, the most important traffic routes in this region (Fig. 2). Areas of low rurality just surround Tokyo.
Factor II, accounting for 8.5% of the total variance, is interpreted as a factor that reveals the characteristics of a hilly region, and therefore areas with high scores are the hilly region around Mt. Tsukuba (Fig. 3). The variable with the highest loading on this factor is wages, and so it is pointed out that the difference of wages clearly reveals the difference between the hilly region and the others regions.
Factor III (7.7%) is equivalent to a factor of agricultural productivity which consists of labor productivity, land productivity, and farmer's income from agriculture. The factor is related with vegetable production. As these variables have negative loadings, the areas with low scores are equal to highly productive regions such as Matsudo and Kashiwa (Fig. 4).
Factor IV (6.0%) is a factor of the characteristics of farmers or the dependability of farmers on agriculture. The minus axis points out the abundance of fulltime farmers mainly consisting of male labor. The high score regions, the areas with abundant parttime farmers, are located in a belt with a radius of 20-50 km from Tokyo (Fig. 5).
Factor V (5.7%) is identified by cereal production. High score areas are paddyrice-producing ones in alluvial plains, while low score areas are those of cereal production in the fields on diluvial uplands (Fig. 6).
The remaining Factors VI-XV are interpreted as follows:
Factor DTI (4.4%): Hog raising and dairy farming
Factor VII (3.9%): Labor intensity
Factor (3.6%): Production of special crops
Factor IX (3.5%): Changing features of fruit production
Factor X (3.1%): Modernization or degree of investment

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