The purpose of the present study is to elucidate the underlying structure of the Korean urban system and classify urban centers on the basis of relative dimentionality. In addition, and most important of all, this study aims to scale Korean cities according to Berry's schema (1969, 1972).
The present study comprises 34 variables such as population, household, housing conditions, age structure, occupational-industrial structure, standard of living and so on (Table 3). Data were collected for 35 cities in Korea with a population of 50 thousand or over. The use of a principal axis factor model revealed that 82 percent of the variation among the cities described by 34 variables can be expressed by 9 factors having an eigenvalue of greater than unity (Fig. 2).
The main factors are identified as representative of urban population size, contrasts between rural centers and modern urban centers, housing conditions, age structure, population migration, and contrasts between educational centers and stagnant small trade centers.
Factor 1 indicates urban economic base and urban population size concomitantly. It provides a concise statement of economic differentiation between larger urban centers and smaller regional centers having a population of about 50 thousand (Tables 3 and 4).
Factor 2 is identified as representative of the contrasts between rural traditional centers (rural urban areas) and larger urban centers having modern elements. The larger urban centers are shown to have higher population increase and greater proportion of the active age-groups. Such phenomena are also closely related to manufacturing activites indicating mordern elements in Korean urban society. The rural traditional centers Korea can be charaterized by high birth rates, high natural increase, high death rates and high proportion of old age group. Traditional characteristics remain in the small centers as they were found in Chile (Tables 3 and 4).
Factor 3 is interpreted as housing conditions. It means that the six largest urban centers such as Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Gwangjon Daejon and other manufacturing centers attract workers at the age between fifteen and fifty-nine. As a result, it gives rise to urban problems such as overcrowding, higher housing shortage and high population increase. This is the influence of industrialization, without regard to other industry that creates urban problems in the larger urban centers. In contrast, the small urban centers are characterized by the age group and higher proportion of farm household. This factor corresponds closely with the second factor describing traditionalism of small urban centers (Tables 3 and 4). Factor 4 can be labelled as age structure. It identifies the movement of youth at the age between fifteen and twenty-four and the active age group of between fifteen and fifty-nine from the small urban centers and rural areas to larger urban centers with the advantages of manufacturing, education, commerce and other services. The five largest Korean cities and industrial centers are good examples in this respect. In contrast to this urban centers are those small urban centers showing high infant groups between the age of zero_??_fourteen. Owing to the lack of suitable data, it is difficult to give a clear affirmation. However, a combination of socioeconomic status and age structure is assumed to be the same as shown in Yugoslavia. Accordingly, Factor 4 reveales the traditionalism of the small urban centers nearly identical to the second and third factor (Tables 3 and 4).
In factor 5 which indicates migration, larger urban centers, such as Seoul, Busan, Incheon and satellite cities of Seoul are shown to have higher social increase, higher proportion of construction workers, , higher population increase during the period between 1966 and 1971.

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Enshunada beach located in Shizuoka Prefecture, Central Japan, is divided into two similar arcs by the advancement of the delta of River Tenryu (Fig. 1). In this region, the weather is so fine that the surface of beaches is dry in winter. Sand drift occurs by strong westerly to northwesterly wind which is prevailing in winter (Fig. 2). Various aeolian bed-forms are formed on the backshores in this beach (Fig. 3).
These aeolian bed-forms are classified into sand ripples (Photo. 1(a)), granule ripples (Photo. 1 (b)), and dunes (Photo. 1 (c) and (d)) according to the wave-length. Regardless of size of the wave-length, aeolian bed-forms have two characteristics. One is that they have transverse ridges against the wind direction, and the other is that they have a gentle slope in the windward and a steeper slope in the leeward (Fig. 4). In dunes, two kinds of the bed-forms are observed; one has the smooth curve all over a dune from windward slope to leeward slope (Photo. 1 (c)), and the other has the straight and steeper slope, which is called “slip face” in the leeward (Photo. 1 (d)). The former is named “wavy dune”, and the latter is named “dune with slip face” by the author. In addition to ripples and dunes, two plane forms are observed. They are “flat bed” which involve large amount of sand drift, and “plane bed” which involve the least amount of sand drift. Bed-fours observed in this region are classified into following six types by their wave-lengths and the characteristics of configulations: “plane bed”, “sand ripples”, “granule ripples”, “wavy dunes”, “dunes with slip face”, and “flat bed”.
Sand ripples are generally formed everywhere in these beaches and granule ripples are observed on backshores of Nakatajima where bed materials contain granule and coarse sand (Table 2). In many cases, dunes are formed on the backshores of eastern districts in both arcs. For the formation of the dunes, a long fetch of wind and a supply of sand are neccessary. In the eastern districts, the direction of prevailling wind is parallel with the strike of beach lines (Table 1).
Because the mean diameter of bed materials varies from place to place, there are some differences in wind velocity (V_1.0), which corresponds to the formation of sand ripples. As the mean diameter is larger, V_1.0 is slightly larger in Nakatajima than in any other places.
The transformation of the dune profiles were measured by leveling on Dec. 6, 8, and 14, 1974 in Chihama (Fig. 6 and Table 3). The wave-length change is generally small. The wave-height change is clearly recongnized and it is classified into following three types:
Type 1 There is no distinct change of wave-height,
Type 2 Wave-heights increase markedly, and
Type 3 Wave-heights decrease prominently.
There is a good correlation among these three types of changing dune profile, the wind velocity (V_{1, 0}), and the condition of formation or disappearance of ripples (Table 4). When the wind velocity is small, the dune profile change becomes the type 1 and the ripples are formed clearly. When the wind velocity is medium, the dune profile change becomes the type 2 and the ripples disappeare. When the wind velocity is large, the dune profile change becomes type 3 and the ripples completely disappeare. Thus it seems that the types 1, 2, and 3 correspond to the cases of ripple formation, dune formation, and flat bed formation respectively.
Aeolian bed-forms are the results of processes occuring at the interface between the sand bed and air flow.

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This is a study of crop-combination regions for 1960 and 1970 in Kinki Province. Since J. C. Weaver applied the deviation method to the Middle West data, there have appeared many studies on crop-combination regions. In Japan Doi modified Weaver's formula to the following expression, S_i=∑=d²_i, and proceeded to delineate industrial regions in Japan using the expression. Birukawa and others surveyed crop-combination regions in Japan with Doi's method. In this paper, Doi's method is also employed to analyze the data on the harvested acreage for the former administrative units, cities, towns, and villages (shi, cho, and son), which existed before administrative combination.
A crop-combination implies a crop rotation system in the context of agricultural regions of European origins. Accordingly certain problems might arise when we adopt Weaver's method for an agricultural regionalization in Japan, where few crop rotation systemes found. However, the method has a merit to the extent that principal crops can be selected objectively.
During the period 1960 to 1970, the number of crops in Kinki Province decreased from 1.98 to 1.27. The number of crop-combination types also decreased from 108 to 59. On the basis of the first and second ranking crops in each adminstrative units, we found eight principal crop-combination types in the Province, “Rice”, “Rice and Wheat-Barley”, “Only Rice and Wheat-Barley”, “Rice and Industrial Crops”, “Rice and Vegetables”, “Rice and Fruits”, “Vegetables”, and “Fruits”. We can say that rice is still the key crop in the Province. But great changes took place in the crop-combination types and the spatial pattern of the combination types during the period. The combination type ‘Rice’ expanded in all the prefectures in the Province, while “Rice and Wheat-Barley” type diminished drastically. The combination types ‘Rice and Vegetables’ and ‘Rice and Fruits’ expanded. The combination type ‘Vegetables’, producing mainly onion, expanded in the southwestern part of Osaka Prefecture. The combination type ‘Fruits’, producing mainly mandarin orange, expanded in the seashore districts and the Kino River basin in Wakayama Prefecture.
The examination of the crop-combinations in Kinki Province reveals a distinct trend toward simplification. The number of crops, the number of crop-combination types, and the complexity in the spatial distribution of the combination types symultaneously decreased. The simplification trend reflects the rapid shift from double cropping to single cropping in the majority of paddy fields, i.e., the abandonment of second crops in those paddy fields and the less intensive use of the paddy.

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