The evolutions of 140 Quaternary volcanoes in Japan have been studied mainly with the aid of air-photo interpretation. The study has revealed that these volcanoes have been evolved along three definite courses. On the basis of the result, the Quaternary volcanoes in Japan are classified into three types: A-, B and C-type volcanoes.
A-type volcanoes generally take an evolutional course as follows : The 1 st stage : A gently sloping large cone with simple structure is constructed. The cone is composed of mafic thin lava flows and scoria falls (olivine-pyroxene basalt-andesite, SiO₂ 56% in average). The 2nd stage: Thick lava flows are added on the upper slope of the large cone. Therefore, the surfaces of the cone show stepped slopes. In some volcanoes, the cone iss greatly destructed by the Bandaian eruption just after the maximum growth of it, forming a horseshoe-shaped caldera on the summit. The 3rd stage: Explosive eruptions eruptions of pyroclastic flows and falls (pumiceous, hornblende-pyroxene andesite-dacite, SiO₂ 62%) are repeated, causing destruction of the older cone and construction of pyroclastic cones and pyroclastic flow surfaces. The 4th stage: A small caldera is formed on the summit of the cone, constructing lava domes within it.
Typical cone volcanoes with simple structure, such as Fuji and Yotei Volcanoes, have developed only to the 1st stage. The volcanoes with horsehoe-shaped calderas, such as Chokai and Bandai Volcanoes, have evolved to the 2nd stage. Oshima-Komagatake and Asama Volcanoes frequently erupting pumice flows and falls, have developed to the 3rd stage. Truncated volcanoes with small calderas on the summits such as Akagi and Haruna Volcanoes, have evolved to the 4th stage. Small Krakatoan caldera volcanoes, such as Nigorigawa and Hijiori Volcanoes would be considered as A-type volcanoes which have developed to the 3rd or 4th stage without passing through the 1st and 2nd stages, because the properties and volumes of the eruptive materials are similar to those of typical A-type volcanoes.
A-type volcanoes are subdivided into three-A_l, A₂, A₃ type volcanoes-according to the difference of the developmental stage of each volcano. A₁-type volcanoes are typical, large cone volcanoes with simple structure, having developed to the earlier stage (the 1st and/or 2nd stage). A₂-type volcanoes are dissected or truncated composite volcanoes, having developed to the later stage (the 3rd and/or 4th stage). A₃-type volcanoes are small Krakatoan caldera volcanoes, having developed to the later stage without passing through the earlier stage.
B-type volcanoes are large Krakatoan caldera volcanoes which are characterised by voluminous pumice eruptions, resulting in the formations of large calderas, such as Aso, Ata, Towada and so forth. Their evolutions may be simplified as follows: Caldera stage Voluminous acidic pumice flows (ash flows) and falls violently issue out, resulting in formation of a large caldera and extensive pyroclastic flow surfaces. Post caldera stage Within and around the large caldera a-type volcanoes (small stratovolcanoes), histories and landforms of which are similar to those of A-type volcanoes, are constructed. They aree also subdivided into three-a₁, a₂ and a₃ type volcanoes. Classification and definition of a₁, a₂ and a₃-type volcanoes are same to those of A₁, A₂ and A₃ type volcanoes.
Sakurajima Volcano standing at the rim of Aira Caldera Volcano is regarded as a₁-type volcano. Examples of a₂-type volcanoes are Mashu Volcano rising at the eastern rim of Kutcharo Caldera Volcano, and Usu Volcano formed at the southern rim of Toya Caldera Volcano. Tarumai Volcano built up at the southern rim of Shikotsu Caldera Vocano is a₃-type volcano.

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Objectives: It is a well-known fact that metropolitan characteristics are drastically alteredd in response to the concentration of services in metropolitan areas. The object of this study is to investigate financial functions, one of the most important elements in regional transformation.
In this paper, the financial institutions' sequence of branch office openings and closings, and their processes of spatial concentration and expansion in a large metropolis are examined. The regional movement of funds is illustrated by analyzing the loan-deposit ratio in each district. Since the above stated processes differ according to the size of the financial institutions, the large ones are segregated from the small-medium ones. Methods: The article is concerned with the area in and around Tokyo's core, where the highest concentrations of financial functions are found in Japan. Long-term credit banks, city banks, regional banks, and trust banks are classified as large scale institutions, while credit associations are classified as small-medium scale institutions. Financial space is defined as the area in which the monetary activities take place. In order to illustrate the changes in the financial space, the opening dates of new branches are plotted on a series of maps.
Materials concerning the banks were obtained from publications of the Association of “All” Banks, while those on credit association were derived from the National Directory of Credit Associations. The spatial changes of the financial institutions are seen chronologically, by dividing the years between 1960 and 1975 into three, five-year periods.
The Ministry of Finance exercises rights of administrative management over the establishment of new branches by monetary institutions. It also publishes a circular on prevailing economic trends related to the establishment of new branches. At present, banks are permitted to open two new branches within a two year period. Accordingly, each bank, in selecting a site, to locate a branch, will choose places with the greatest potential for activities. In cases where they want to open more than two branches within a twoyear period, transpositioning is permitted, i.e., for each additional place, an already existing one at a different site must be closed. Thus, the yearly changes enable the identification of spatial modifications.
As stated above, the 15 year period was divided into three, five-year phases and plotted on maps. The location of newly opened and closed offices are drawn in the same manner. The mean center of the financial institutions for each phase are noted, and the movements of the mean centers are traced. Furthermore, because of regional maldistribution in capital accumulations and investments, the loan-deposit ratio for each district is scrutinized separately, and the resulting tendency toward inter-regional flow of capital is assumed. Finally, in order to demonstrate that the role performed by financial institutions in an area differ according to scale, the chronological variations in the loan-deposit ratio of banks and credit associations are shown. Conclusions:
1) Gradually, the financial space of banks and credit associations in and around metropolitan areas is expanding. On one hand, it is seen that the density of bank branches in the core of the capital's central business district, and in the secondary business districts, such as, Shinjuku, and Ikebukuro is rapidly increasing. On the other hand, the number of closures outside the area encircled by the Yamanote Railway Line is proceeding at an accelerated pace. Branches specializing in loans can be clearly separated from those where deposits are larger than loans. Likewise, capital absorption areas are distinct from those of investments. Deposit-absorbing areas move in a manner analogous to the population doughnut phenomenon, spreading to the periphery of large metropolitan areas.

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During the period of rapid economic growth, there were clear tendencies of warehouse movement into the outer parts of cities. Functional differentiation of warehouses are found in Nagoya, caused by the improvement of port facilities, progress of road traffic, and unavailability of land for warehouses in the crowded built-up areas. Warehouses are concentrated in the Nagoya port area, the inner part of Nagoya, the Ichinomiya area, and the Komaki area, with their warehouse functions being different from one another.
In the Nagoya port area, warehouses are owned and run by warehouse operators and transporting companies, and the latter own more than half of the warehouses there. Most of the stored goods are imports, and are owned by trading companies. Since the ware-house district in the inner part of Nagoya has a long tradition, warehouses are owned and run by warehouse operators. And various goods are stored, but food is a leading item. Manufacturers, trading companies, and wholesalers use these warehouses.
In the Ichinomiya area, warehouse companies and trucking companies run this business, and the stored goods are principally textiles, which are deposited by trading companies or by manufactures. The Komaki area is an important point of road traffic, and trucking companies run this business. The stored goods vary, but machinery is a leading item. This area is a new place of warehouse concentration, and the depositors are mostly manufactures.
On the movement of stored goods, most of them in the Nagoya port area and the inner part of Nagoya are distributed to Aichi prefecture. In the Ichinomiya area they are distributed within the city area and to all over the country. In the Komaki area they are distributed to all over the country.

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