The life styles of the inhabitants of Amami-Oshima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture, south western part of Japan, have been influenced by those of mainland Kyushu since the Edo era, and have been changing remarkably.
This study was designed to investigate the traditional differentiation and appellation of the native Allium vegetables in this island and how they have changed. Field surveys were carried out several times from 1977 to 1979.
Nira (A. tuberosum Rottl.), Rakkyo (A. bakeri Regel), Ninniku (A. sativum L.: garlic), and Nobiru (A. grayi Regel) have been differentiated from each other, and the representative appellation has been “bira, ” “dakkyo” (or “gakkyo”), “fuiru, ” and “nuibiru, ” respectively. They correspond to CGnira, 99 CGrakkyo99 “hi:, ” and “nobiru, ” respectively, which are appellation for them in the southern part of mainland Kyushu. Recently, “nira, ” “rakkyo, ” and “nobiru” have become known in Amami-Oshima Island. The appellation “ninniku” for garlic has also become known in addition to “fuiru.”
Negi (A. fstulosum L.) and Wakegi (A. Wakegi Araki) have been distinguished from the above four species. Both these two species have not always been distinguished from each other; in the northern part of this island negi has been called “nuifka, ” and wakegi has been called “Gsemmoto” (“kibira” in some parts). On the other hand, in the southern part of the island, winter-grown negi, which was introduced from mainland Kyushu, is distinguished from both wakegi and summer-grown negi which is native to the island of Amami-Oshima. The former has been called “nuifka” and the latter two “kibira” (“semmoto” in some parts).
In the Tatsugo area located in the northern part of the island, which was the base of all interchange between mainland Kyushu and the island, “Gsemmoto” is in use exclusively for wakegi. In the areas surrounding Tatsugo, “Gsemmoto” is in common use and some people know the name “kibira.” In the areas farther away from Tatsugo, both the most northern part and the south-western part of the island, they know the name “Gsemmoto” but “kibira” is in common use.
Thus, the appellation “nuifka” is well used all over the island of Amami-Oshima and “semmoto” in the northern part and “kibira” in the southern part. It is thought recently that the appellation “Gsemmoto” has come into use for wakegi and summer-grown negi both of which have been called “kibira.” The appellation “negi” has come into use recently.
It has given to negi in a narrow sense and to both wakegi and negi in a broad sense.
These facts indicate the following; both negi and wakegi had been called “kibira” without differentiation in Amani-Oshima. After the introduction of the differentiation and appellation system in mainland Kyushu, it was accepted at first in the Tatsugo area in the northern part of the island, which was the base of interchange between mainland Kyushu and the island at that time, and is still now spreading out by degrees.
The appellations “nuifka, ” “semmoto, ” “negi, ” and “nlnniku” were introduced into Amaml Oshima from mainland Kyushu, probably after the Meiji Restoration. Among these appellations, “nuifka” came into use all over the island by the beginning of the Showa era. The others, some of which came into common use in some parts and which were in use in special cases, have come into use after World War II.

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In this study, the author attempts to analyze the development process and characteristics of large-scale residential estates developed by a private railway enterprise, in order to clarify the problems accompanied with such large-scale residential development. For this purpose, the author has investigated Tama Den'en Toshi (lama Country Town) developed by the Tokyo Electric Express Railway, Ltd. (Tokyu, for short), focusing his attention especially to the behavior and policies of the developer.
Generally, private railway enterprises have been the main developer of large-scale residential estates in Japan. Particulaly, they have developed many large-scale residential estates in conjunction with the construction of new rail lines. Tama Den'en Toshi is a typical example and has been developed by Tokyu since 1953. It is located in the south-western suburbs of Tokyo, with about 15-35km from the city-center. Tama Den'en Toshi comprises four separate zones of development, the first of which is approximately 15 km from Tokyo, while the farthest is approximately 35 km from Tokyo. The total area is 5, 000 ha and its planned population will comes up to 400, 000. The new line Den'en Toshi Sen, was opened by Tokyu in 1966 and is now serving the community. At present, Tama Den'en Toshi has a population of 300, 000.
The results of this study are summarized as follows.
1. Because Tokyu was not able to buy up the whole area along the new line, it pursued a method of land adjustment works in cooperation with local landowners. For example, between 1953 and 1966 Tokyu purchased about 660 ha, but this represented only 13% of the area to be developed and it was therefore necessary to adopt a “cooperative development program.” Thus, Tokyu was able to carry out its large-scale development plan in spite of its own small, dispersed holdings, through negotiation with local landowners. Furthermore, Tokyu succeeded in obtaining many new holdings at the low price in exchange for the cost of land adjustment works.
2. Expecting an increase in railway fare revenue, Tokyu encouraged the development of multistory residential estates by the Japan Housing Corporation, as well as building multistory apartment houses by itself. This shift of development from low-density to high density leads to a shortage of public facilities, especially schools and the degradation of dwelling-environment in some places.
3. Tokyu had first developed remote parts within the development area before it set to work at places close to Tokyo, to get a large profit. This caused the rise of land prices in the nearer places, and led to these sites being sold more slowly.
4. Tokyu did not control the land-use of the local landowners' holdings. It has developed mainly high grade houses and apartment houses, while local landowners have built mainly low--grade houses apartment houses and dormitories. This trend led to mixed land-uses in the residential section.
These findings focus attention on the development process and characteristics of a large scale residential estate, which reflects the behavior and policies of the developers.

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The purpose of this paper is to describe the grain size distribution of littoral suspended sand. The samples were collected at the offshore area of the Tatado Coast near Shimoda, Izu Peninsula, Central Japan, where bottom material is stirred up to some extent by wave action. The collection work was conducted by using a vacuum system fixed to the sea bottom for drawing up the sea water from the nozzles arranged at various heights (Table 1).
The results of the grain size analyses of the samples are plotted on Fig. 1, in which the ordinate represents the probability density function. Each sample consists of two populations, i.e. sand particle population (coarser than about 3.5_??_) and finer particle population (finer than about 3.5_??_); this is similar to those of wind blown sand and river suspended sand which have been described in the previous paper (Inokuchi, 1980).
In Fig. 1, it seems that the points of the sand particle population for each sample deviate systematically from the broken line which represents theoretical log-normal curve for that population. This tendency of deviation corresponds to that indicated by Bagnold and Barndorff-Nielsen (1980) and suggests that the distribution pattern of the points conforms to the hyperbolic distribution. A pair of solid straight lines is the hyperbolic asymptotes for each sample.
Table 2 shows the values of the slopes of the asymptotes, in which S means value of the finer wing slope and C the coaser wing slope. It is found that for all samples the values of the slopes are confined into a limited range and that for each sample S and C are approximately equivalent. This fact may imply a regularity in suspension of sand particles affected by fluid actions.
Grain size distribution of the four samples from beach sand was also examined. As shown in Fig. 2, each of them consists of sand particle population and their grain size distributions show hyperbolic type. However, the pattern of the size distribution is different from that of suspended sediments as shown in Fig. 1.

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This symposium was the first attempt in the Association of Japanese Geographers to discuss the problems on large-scale land transformation and related environmental changes, which became not to be disregarded even in geomorphology. In 1980, the Working Group on the Man-Made Landforms and Land Transformation was organized in the Association for the promotion of systematic and comprehensive studies on such problems, which led us to organize this symposium. The following 10 papers were presented under 6 topics.
T. TAMURA, H. YAMAMOTO and S. YOSHIOKA: National summary of recent studies on large-scale land transformation.
A. MORIYAMA: Genetic approach to man-made landforms resulting from porcelain clay mining in the Seto Area.
S. TANAKA and T. OKIMURA: Land transformation due to urbanization in the Rokko Mountains, Kobe, Kinki Metropolitan Area.
T. YAMAKAWA: Land transformation attendant on urbanization in Western Kanagawa Prefecture.
S. HIGASHI: Role of forest management in the exploitation of mountainous environment.
T. TATEISHI: Coastal sand dunes historically inherited from planting for erosion control, a case of Shonai Sand Dunes.
M. KUSAKA: Implications of ancient land transformation in the olden provinces of Settsu, Kawachi and Izumi.
Y. AKAGI: Landforms resulting from iron sand mining in the Chugoku Mountains.
K. KATSURAGI: Changes of social environment affected by dehydration of paddy fields and construction of a new port in the Imizu Plain, Toyama Prefecture.
S. MEZAKI and K. KANEMURA: Land transformation and effects on sedimentation and coastal environment on Okinawa Island.
The discussions by commentators and audience were focused on the following subjects.
1. Accumulation and management of quantitative data. 2. Role of geographical approach to land transformation. 3. Classification and evaluation of man-made landforms. 4. Measures against accelerated or catastrophic phenomena.

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