The Ainu are an aboriginal, illiterate people living in Hokkaido, southern Sakhalin and the southern part of Kurile Islands. Many old documents show that the Ainu in the Edo period (1603_??_1867) had exploited surrounding resources by fishing, hunting, and collecting and that they were migratory people.
The movement pattern of the Ainu in the Edo period has generally been recognized that they had migrated seasonally from the fixed home grounds. However, such general recognition was based on insufficient evidence. The aim of this paper is to examine whether the position of the Ainu's home ground was fixed or not in the Edo period and whether the members of the residential group of the home ground was stable or not.
The analysis of seasonal migration from the home ground was based on the document of Takeshiro Matsuura (1858). This document covers about 80 percent of all the numbers of houses and population (Table 2). The analysis of movement from the home ground was derived from tracing the names of heads of households in each settlement at intervals over a year. If the name of the head of household in settlement A in 1856 was found in settlement B in 1858, he and his family were recognized as having moved their home ground from A to B. The documents used in the analysis of stableness of residential groups are the lists of the inhabitants'names in 1856, 1858, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1868, 1869 and 1871. These were documented by the Japanese. The average number of houses per settlement was about 9 (Table 1). The study area consists of seven districts in Hokkaido (Fig. 1).
These analyses show that the home grounds of the Ainu in the Edo period had not always been fixed, and that the members of the home ground had not always been stable. The details of the findings are as follows.
(1) Seasonal migration from the home ground in 1858
Seasonal migration means that the Ainu migrate from the inland home grounds near rivers to the seaside for fishing in spring mainly under the management of the Japanese and they return to their home grounds in autumn. Most of the households had at least one seasonal migrant in 1858. The number of seasonal migrants differed in sex and age by district (Fig. 2 and Table 3). Most of the households had the remainders at the home ground and they probably lived there from spring to autumn (Fig. 3). This means that the position of the home ground did not change at least within a year.
(2) Movement of the home ground from 1856 to 1858
The smallest unit of movement from the home ground was a household. Twenty four percent of all households in seven districts moved their home grounds to other settlements from 1856 to 1858. While the Ainu moved almost within each of seven districts, the percentage of the moved households was different by district (Table 4). The settlement mentioned above was called mura and was composed of several small settlements called kotan in 1858 (Table 5) . In the Mitsuishi district, each settlement was composed of one small settlement, that is, mura was identical with kotan.In this district, the positions of the settlements were changed largely from 1856 to 1858 and the members of the settlement in 1858 were composed of households which had lived in different settlements in 1856 (Table 6). In the Shizunai district, some settlements were composed of a few small settlements in 1858. In this district, the positions of the settlements did not change so much from 1856 to 1858. Nevertheless, the members of settlement (mura) and of small settlement (kotan) in 1858 came from various settlements (Table 7). Similarly, the members of settlement and of small settlement changed in the Tokachi and Niikappu districts from 1856 to 1858.
(3) Movement of the home ground after 1858
In the Mitsuishi district, the movement from the home ground had continued after 1858.

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The purpose of this paper is to study the farming system of Southern Kyushu in the middle of the 19th century. In Japan, about two hundred kinds of farming books were written during the Edo Period, and among them nearly seventy ones were written, reflecting the physical and cultural conditions of these seventy regions. They are what we call “regional farming books” and using them we will be able to study and reconstruct the regional characteristics of farming. The author has been studying the characteristics of the regions making use of those kinds of regional farming books and has already published some studies.
There are, however, no regional farming books in Southern Kyushu because of the remaining medieval systems of politics, society, and economy in the Edo Period. Such books were usually written in the areas where individual and commercial agriculture developed in the late medieval period in Japan. But owing to the remoteness from the capital of Japan and the fact of being governed by medieval manor lords, there were no such conditions in which regional farming books would be produced in Southern Kyushu during the Edo Period.
There, however, remain a few agricultural husbandry records which were written by the upper gentry who lived in the countryside in Southern Kyushu. The husbandry of these gentry was the most intensive farming systems, so that they received the most plentiful harvest in these districts. In this paper, the author has examined two agricultural husbandry records written in the middle of the 19th century and using these books he has studied the most intensive farming systems in Southern Kyushu in the above-mentioned periods. One of them is called Kôsaku-Yorozu-no-Oboe or “records of all farming” written by the Nagoyas, and the other is called Moriya-Toneri-Nicho or “diary of the Moriyas.” The Nagoyas and the Moriyas were in the upper class gentry and had some farmlands under their direct management besides their rent lands, so that the contents of these two records were their agricultural husbandry practices in their own lands.
The main research point of the present paper is to find the common characteristics and uncommon points in the farming systems in the two records, considering the distribution of the farmlands and crop-combination patterns. In Southern Kyushu farmlands were intensively used in the first half of the 20th century, and the author has hypothesized that factors of intensive-use of farmlands at that period were already shaped up in the 19th century. And the author would like to prove his hypothesis by making his main research point clear.
Some points have been made clear. Two records showed the most advanced farming in each region; they also showed that the varieties of crops and crop-combination which contributed to the intensification of the farmland-use in the first half of the 20th century in Southern Kyushu had already been found in these districts; furthermore differences in physical and cultural conditions in the two regions were reflected in the difference of ine tensity of the farmland-use.

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The purpose of this paper is to express geomorphic characteristics of Shikoku Island, especially the effects of geological structures on landforms, by means of the statistical analysis of morphometric values obtained by the numerical computation using Digital Terrain Model. To Shikoku Island, where geologic provinces distribute zonally, the application of the analysis is relatively easy.
In addition to altitude, relief energy and “dispersion of altitude” per unit area, curvature, gradient, and direction of maximum gradient were computed as parameters which express local geomorphic characteristics. Figures showing distributions of these values in both space and frequency give an outline of the geomorphic characteristics of Shikoku Island.
The curve of altitude-frequency distribution shows three points of gradient change at 700_??_800m, at about 1, 200m and at 1, 500_??_ 1, 600m. “Geomorphic history” (Sakaguchi, 1964) of Shikoku Island, therefore, can possibly be divided into four stages by these points.
Some statistical variables, such as standerd deviation, skewness and kurtosis, power, and entropy, were computed from the altitude-frequency distribution to express general geomorphic characteristics in some regions. Standerd deviation and power indicate “dispersion of altitude” and degree of flat surface expanse, respectively. Entropy indicates degree of general relief in the region.
The difference in geomorphic characteristics due to the difference in geology and in the amount of tectonic movement could be quantitatively expressed by these statistical variables.

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