This study analyzes the patterns of and factors in the residential migration of Korean metropolitan suburbanites. To analyze migration careers, the concept of life stage is adopted. The results of the analysis are summarized as follows: Three patterns were significant in the migration of residents from nonmetropolitan areas (nMA): nMA-Kangnam-Bundang New Town (NT); nMA Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA)-Bundang NT; and nMA Kangbuk (-Kangnam)-Bundang NT. Residents from nMA carried out long-distance migration to Seoul and the SMA in the household preparation period. After some short-distance migrations within these areas, they reached Bundang NT. Accessibility caused the migrations in the household preparation period. In the household formation period, housing conditions promoted migrations. The household growth period received strong influence from housing conditions and speculative behavior for personal property.
Typical migration patterns of persons coming from Seoul followed two courses, Kangbuk Kangnam-Bundang NT, and Kangbuk-SMA-Bundang NT. In the former pattern, housing conditions and accessibility factor caused migration in the household preparation and formation periods. The housing conditions reflected deterioration of residences in the Kangbuk region. Persons with the former pattern moved to Bundang NT in the household grow period to purchase a good housing environment and to try land speculation. In the later pattern, outmigration to the SMA occurred in the household preparation period due to family circumstances.
They came to Bundang NT based on the factors of accessibility and speculation after short migration within the SMA.
Considering that 60% or more of the sample migrants moved into Bundang NT by way of Kangnam, residential experience in Kangnam decided them to move into Bundang NT. Kangnam is a wealthy residential area. In other words, Kangnam attracts residents and makes the socioeconomic attributes homogeneous. Among the people who were able to reside in Kangnam, only those planning to pursue a better residential environment in the household growth period and making good use of assets could move to Bundang NT.

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While gender studies of geography have already incorporated socio-cultural aspects, little attention has been paid to the link between sexuality and studies of men. This study aims to clarify how the male category is constructed in public space in Japan by adopting the viewpoint of Japanese sexual minorities. The literature on sexual minorities helps us understand the potential disconnection between observed gender identification (“sex of appearance”) and invisible gender. Using this perspective, I discuss how maleness is understood in public space.
First, I show the relevance of public space to “sex of appearance.” In public toilets and public baths, “sex of appearance” is a direct indicator of observed sex. In hospitals, public offices, workplaces, and schools, a gap between “sex of appearance” and invisible social sex becomes an issue for sexual minorities. Because typical assumptions dichotomize gender, sexual minorities are unable to claim a comfortable social space.
Next, I investigate how “sex of appearance” applies to men. A uniform aspect of male “sex of appearance” means oppressive heterosexuality directed toward women, and the subjects who define the meaning of male “sex of appearance” are not only women but also men.
I conclude that maleness is essentially defined by the “sex of appearance”, rather than actual sexuality. This explains the creation of “women-only” cars in contemporary Japan. This also suggests that homosexual and heterosexual men share the commonality of male “sex of appearance.”

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