In Japan, popular demand （commercial use） such as convenience stores, supermarkets and revolving sushi restaurants （“Kaiten-Sushi”） is at the center of Seaweed-laver market.　While Japanese manufacturers increase their handling of foreign raw materials, imports of Korean Seaweed-laver increases itself as they are considered suitable for the popular demand in Japanese market.　We focus on the current situation of Korean Seaweed-laver manufacturers that play their role as the key players in Seaweed-laver trade with Japan and the world.

We confirmed that, as the overseas Seaweed-laver market expands, the main suppliers are Korea, Japan, China and Thailand.　The products targeted by manufacturers of various countries, such as commercial and Japanese-style seasoned laver in Japan and China, and seaweed snack in Thailand, were characterized.　With the government’s political support, Korea expands its exports mainly to Korean-style seasoned laver and seaweed snacks, while the export destinations are diversified to include the United States, China and Thailand.

There are two moves by Korean laver manufacturers.　First of all, there are many small manufacturers in Korea due to the differentiation of the laver industry and they are concentrating on the domestic market.　As Japanese companies’ entry into Korean domestic market strengthens the competition to secure raw laver materials and faces rising production costs such as wages.　Therefore the alliance among business partners is drawing attention from small scale manufacturers.　Major seasoned laver manufacturers and comprehensive food companies （called secondary processor） are leading the change in relations between Korean manufacturers.　Through the integration of rear （upstream） industries such as aquaculture and primary processors （dried laver manufacturer）, the procurement of raw materials has been stabilized and cooperation has been established through joint ventures with Japanese manufacturers.　Furthermore, it was characterized by horizontal integration, such as mergers and acquisitions between partners, to expand its management scale.　The restructuring of the relationship between Korean manufacturing entities is aimed at moving their key-market from domestic to overseas.

In 2021, an online survey sought the views of Japanese citizens about the expectations for river condition and use and inland fishery cooperatives.　The data were collected from 307 citizens aged 20 to 79 years.　In terms of expectation for river condition and use, the top five of the thirty-five choices （including “other”） selected by the respondents, in descending order, were:“clear water”, “no trash”, “no flood disaster”, “inhabited by native species （no alien species）”, and “being able to take a walk”.　The sixth most-frequent expectation was “being able to catch fish for recreation”, while there was low expectation for the other choices than those six choices.　Most respondents expected the government （i.e., municipality, prefecture or country） to be a performer or an administrator for the expectations.　Notably, “being able to catch fish for recreation” was a more frequent expectation than having “a supply of fish as food by the commercial fishery”.　In Japan, the inland fishery cooperatives directly oversee the recreational and commercial fishing in rivers－yet few of the survey respondents expected the fishery cooperatives to perform as an oversight administrator for recreational or commercial fishing in rivers.

This paper indicates the reasons Japanese voluntary fisheries managements are successful based on a case study of snow crab fishery of Western Japan Sea.　It focuses on Hyogo Prefecture and Tottori Prefecture in the 2018 season.　They have made precise voluntary rules each year including seasons, sizes, and numbers of crabs per trip since 1964.　Usually, if fishers obey these voluntary rules, landings never reach their prefectural TACs.　However, they were close to exceeding the TACs by the middle of the season.　As a result of fishers’ making their voluntary rules stricter several times, the total landings were 98.5% of TAC.

Then this paper analyzes the voluntary rules for snow crab fishery of this area from three viewpoints:1） The reasons fishers obey their voluntary rules, 2） The relationship between voluntary managements and individual quota, and 3） The role of the national industrial organization.

Results are as follows:1） Fishes have strong recognition that they make their own rules.　There are layered fishers’ meetings, from ones between Hyogo and Tottori Prefectures to Western Japan Sea area meetings, which have more than 50 years of history.　2） Although Individual Quota assumes that fishers decide independently, fishers work together in actuality.　3） The industrial organization is an important coordinator between both fishers and Fisheries Agency, as well as among prefectural industrial organizations.