This study explores the rationale behind the hurdles preventing the full establishment of the Caribbean Community Single Market and Economy. Very little scholarly research has been carried out on this topic, although some academics have pointed out the obstacles. This paper therefore seeks to understand what the real shortfalls are in the integrated entity, in order to overcome the deficiencies. Specifically, the study seeks to understand what constitutes the foundations of the lack of political will to overcome the issues of natural, financial and human resource insufficiency. This research utilises a symbolic interactionist framework, deploying qualitative interviews with forty-four CARICOM stakeholders, including senior government officials and businesspersons, and uses discourse analyses to analyse their narratives. The research findings suggest that the political will to counter the deficiencies is compromised by the national interests of each member state, which are affected by internal politics. However, what is hopeful is that the importance of the CSME is supported by member states. In this regard, what the CARICOM needs, is a fundamental reformation of CARICOM and the CSME governance, in order to provide technical support to the member states in timely manner. In the era of globalisation, the importance of the CSME is heightened, primarily for the survival of the member states.

Even though we have already utilized and got used to the electronic mail, we are not yet fully recognized its meaning. Literary interest in the correspondence has also turned to Email, and produced so-called “e-epistolary” novels. Epistolarity, or the theory of epistolary novels deliberated by Janet Gurkin Altman, is now discussed in the broader milieu of the letter including the media and the post system, in which the concept of letter could be emulated with literature itself. In this context, this paper explores epistolarity of Email, analyzing seven Email novels. Even though these works are eager to seize the idiosyncrasy of the new medium, they are not really successful in realizing their own characteristics. But every work struggles with the intrinsic problems of digital writing and mail by seeing beyond virtual images, and sets up Epistolarity of Email as an intriguingly cutting-edge issue of the time. Not only does each work involve the questions of media and communication, but it also foregrounds the difficulties of the digital culture. Esoteric and enigmatic features of the Email system remind us of the radical postal ghost, the media noise, or the intrinsic problems of communication and knowing. It is in fact those ghosts who haunt the Email epistolary novels. First, after a brief history of Email, the literature-oriented criticism of Email is surveyed. The most significant critic is Jacques Derrida, who has introduced the philosophical concept of the post into the theory of the letter. Derrida does not directly discuss Email, but already sees through to the essential question of archiving with regard to Internet and digital communication. Also the meaning of a significant figure of the media “ghost” is examined. Then the paper analyzes seven Email novels: Exegesis (1997), The Metaphysical Touch (1998), e (2000), Love Virtually (2006), Who Moved My Black Berry (2006), Eleven (2006), and an illustrated storybook The Venetian's Wife (1996), and concludes that they are more or less haunted by epistolary ghosts that epitomize the monstrocity of digital media.

Starting in the 1980s, both the government and corporations reformed their governance policies and procedures. In the government, “new public management” was introduced in the 1980s, followed by “new public governance” in the 1990s. The shift from new public management to new public governance did not simply replace old procedures with new ones. Instead, it included three distinct phases from new public management: separation, succession, and development. At the same time, reforms in corporate governance were being pushed through to deal with the increasing complexity and liquidity in the business world as well as a series of corporate scandals. The concept of internal controls has been expanded, and governance structures that focus on internal controls have been established. A comparison of public and corporate governance today reveals three common elements. First, both have incorporated internal and external controls and have formed structures that force the creation of autonomous entities. Second, both government and corporate organizations are being called upon to perform not only primary functions but also secondary (legal, ethical, and social) functions as well. Third, both are attempting to develop a common management information system for risk management. Such a governance spreads among not only the domain of administration and the economy but also the domains of the education, and is established as modern governance. This leads us to the recognition that establishing modern governance involves five issues relating to information management: 1) collection and archiving, 2) conversion, 3) assessment, 4) sharing, and 5) design. Social informatics needs to clarify these information functions and their inherent social mechanism.

It has been reported that the organochlorine environmental pollutants such as PCB and the dioxins transfer to infants through mother's milk and influence their status of health in the human. In the previous paper, we showed that the high-fat diet enhanced the accumulation of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the adipose tissues of dams and reduced the transfer to pups through the milk. As the dams were fed ad libitum in the experiment, the intakes of HCB, energy and nutrients were different among the control, high-fat and low-fat diet groups. In this paper, as the dams were fed the diet by paired feeding, the intakes of HCB, energy, and nutrients except lipid and carbohydrate were not different among the three diet groups. Even if energy intakes were the same among the diet groups, the high-fat diet enhanced the HCB accumulation in the dams’ body and reduced its transfer to the pups through the milk. In the infants of the dams fed the high-fat diet, their adipose tissues were growing and HCB accumulations in the tissues were increasing following the growth. As a result, the amounts of HCB in the tissues were not different among the three diet groups just before weaning. It was suggested that the high-fat diet inhibited the transfer of the organochlorine environmental pollutants accumulated in the dam's body to the suckling pups through the milk.

In this study, we ask Japanese and Sri Lankan junior high students living in suburbs about environmental issues and their desire to join environmental protection activities. The tendencies of the children’s consciousness concerning the environment were different. The influence of knowledge on and experience with the environment on the participation behaviour in environmental conservation activities was analysed by performing structural equation model based on the results of the questionnaire. For Japanese children, three items regarding consciousness of the environment, that is, ecocentrism, anthropocentrism, and environmental apathy, directly influenced the participation behaviour in environmental protection activities. Furthermore, experiences such as play strongly influenced ecocentrism. For Sri Lankan children, both ecocentrism and environmental apathy directly influenced the participation behaviour in environmental conservation activities at the same level. However, these items of consciousness do not have a relationship with two latent variables, as we revealed in this investigation. These results are affected by the social economic status of each country.

In this study, we used the keyword “Kawaii” to investigate women’s preferences for furniture in office environments and amenity areas. Female university students were asked to evaluate chairs selected from 326 sample photographs, according to 37 evaluation criteria related to impression, form, and sense of ownership, and the responses were analyzed using statistical methods. Chairs with high ratings on both the “Kawaii” and “looks comfortable” criteria were not seen. Evaluations of sample photographs were aggregated and a cluster analysis was carried out, revealing that the data were grouped into six clusters. We plotted the chairs on a positioning map using “relaxation” and “cushioning” for the axes.

Finished after a long and stressful revising, Days Without End turned out to be an unsatisfactory play, in box office as well as among critics. As is made clear by checking the drafts and other pre-publication materials, O’Neill had a hard time forging a convincing ending to the play. The core of the problem is embodied in the fictional hero’s project of manipulating the course of his life by an autobiographical novel he wrote. And behind the project lurks the hero’s wish for his wife’s death. Through his on-going adultery he has betrayed her, who by his passionate paean of love he helped out of despair in love she suffered in her former marriage. Strangely enough, he is divided between the diabolical wish and a combination of a grave sense of guilt for the betrayal and a wish to live forgiven and loved again by the wife herself. And to undermine his guilt-ridden conscience urging his death, the hero manages to concoct a deal with the Crucifix, making his all too convenient wish come true. Inivetably, this whole complicated fictional situation evokes that of O’Neill’s real life after his betrayal of his second wife, Agnes Boulton. And the fictional hero’s struggles fairly correspond with O’Neill’s realistic ones, both as an artist and as a man, an analogy suggesting that his writing of the play Days Without End itself corresponds with the hero’s search for a wishful handling of his situation. The play cannot fail to be taken as autobiographical. No doubt based upon O’Neill’s innermost Catholic sentiments and amply imbued with religious motifs, Days Without End is now less about returning to Catholicism, freed from self, or achieving a higher level of understanding of man, as it has been read. It is more about “the writer character” trying to manipulate reality by “the book he wrote.” The play represents O’Neill’s unabashed quasi-religious assertion that his own life at this stage is an ideal guide for the modern man inescapably divided against himself. And it is a bungled forerunner of The Iceman Cometh and Long Day’s Journey into Night in O’Neill’s search for his innermost personal truth.

Effects of friendship motivation on interpersonal communication styles (face to face and mobile phone communication, strategies for handling interpersonal conflicts) and well-being in Japanese Young Adults were investigated. Participants (N=247) completed a self-report questionnaire about friendship motivation, face to face and mobile phone communication, interpersonal conflict strategy, and well-being. Results of correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis revealed that introjected motivation was associated with a more emotional communication, avoiding and yielding style. In addition, introjected motivation was associated with a more feelings of inferiority, and lower friendship satisfaction. For the purpose of capturing the feature of a friendship among contemporary adolescents, the necessity of paying one’s attention to the low self-determination motivation and low-level friend of intimacy was suggested.

Bangladesh has frequently been affected by natural disasters over its history. Large-scale tropical depressions (cyclones) have caused much human and physical damage. Various policies have been implemented with overseas assistance to protect against the damage, such as the construction of evacuation centers, the establishment of a weather forecast system and afforestation to protect against the tide. These measures have decreased the death toll from cyclones, but reconstruction of victims’ lives remains a serious issue. Even if one survived by evacuating oneself to a center before the cyclone hit, human and physical damage, such as loss of all breadwinners or household goods in a high tide, would hinder one’s life from returning to normal. Degradation of standard of living as an effect of cyclones increases vulnerability to disasters in the area and decreases preparedness for the next. It goes without saying that swift reconstruction of victims’ lives is an urgent issue to protect against future disasters in the areas under high risk.This study aims to clarify the issues of reconstruction after disasters from the point of view of residents in high-risk areas, by collecting qualitative data on the issues of residents and their responses to these issues in the areas where cyclones frequently hit in Bangladesh. The study looks at areas on the eastern coast of Hatiya Island in Hatiya Upazila, Noakhali District, which was devastated by cyclones in 1970 and 1991. This study reveals that ample assistance in the form of goods was provided right after the cyclone hit in 1991, whereas there was no assistance for mid- to long-term reconstruction, such as provision of work tools and housing. Evidence shows that this led victims to borrow money from NGOs (microcredit) and relatives in order especially to rebuild their houses. Repayment has taken a long time, which could be considered as pressuring those people’s lives in high-risk areas.

The purpose of present study was to clarify issues relating to student counseling institution without full-time counselors for discussing future directions. Studies of trends in the number of sessions were carried out on a student counseling room of X university. First, the total number of sessions, the number of clients, and the change of the number of counselors per year were investigated, based on annual reports of the Health Care Center and conference reports. Next, the change of the developmental level of student counseling services was evaluated using “the assessment lists of development for counseling centers (Fukumori et al., 2014)”. Last, interviews with other faculty and staff were conducted to understand situations at each period.The developmental level of counseling services in X university showed being “Somewhat satisfied (level 3)” at 10-years, and the requirements as counseling services were satisfied (the 1st period). The total number of sessions was "upward rise" at 11 to 25-years (the 2nd period). However, when counselor with fixed-term-employment worked, the total number of sessions was "short-term increase-and-decrease" at 27-years (the 3rd period). Previous study showed “Satisfied” after being "upward rise", but the developmental level of student counseling services in X university maintain “Somewhat satisfied (level 3)” over 33-years. The factors associated with the above-mentioned situation are the management of student counseling room and the relationship with other divisions on campus.From the above, there were several issues relating to student counseling institution without full-time counselors: a) variable trend of total number of session per year, b) stagnation in the development of student counseling services, c) closed systems of student counseling institutions. For future research, it would be useful to collect more data using a prospective study for generalization.

This study explores questions of identity and ethnicity in relation to white French Creoles in Trinidad, who represent an economically powerful, though socially and ethnically marginalised group. Very little scholarly research has been carried out on this group. This paper therefore seeks to understand what it means to be a white French Creole in a society that is politically, culturally and socially dominated by peoples of African and East Indian origins. Specifically, the study seeks to understand how white French Creole identity is subjectively constructed, reproduced, experienced and understood. This research sits in a symbolic interactionist framework, employing qualitative interviews with twenty-four white Trinidadian French Creoles, and uses discourse analysis to analyse their narratives. The research findings suggest that white French Creoles retain a strong sense of racial superiority, based on their identities as white people. However, unlike the older generations, the younger generations tend to disregard their ethnic identity as French Creoles in order to assimilate into the Trinidadian society as a whole. Nevertheless, this appears to less than successful because of their subjective and objective whiteness.

Although Louisa May Alcott is known as a writer of the juvenile and domestic fiction, she also wrote for adults and posed some social problems. One of those social novels Work: A Story of Experience (1873) describes the worthiness of work through the various working experiences of Alcott’s herself. However, writing as profession is not taken up as one of the jobs in Work even though it was the primary means of earning a living for Alcott. This paper attempts to analyze the significant absence of the writing in Work by focusing on the complex nature of the profession as a work for Alcott. I will discuss that although the images of work as ideal human activity are presented in the novel, the complexity of profession prevents it from being positioned as ideal work.

　New resources about Otsuma Taro Kanesumi (the ancestor of Otsuma Ryouma) were collected in this study. He was known as the old samurai followed to the retired-emperor Gotoba, and died at the Jyoukyu revolt, in 1221. But new resources suggest/indicate his further activities with the retired-emperor Gotoba. The Japanese cedar which was planted by Otsuma Kotaka in 1964, was identified on this work, and we had the celemony to celebrate the 50^th anniversary from the plantation year, in 2014, which was also the 130^th anniversary of Kotaka’s birth year.

　What is important to cooperation with an educator and a technical skilled person at a field of education?

　I think as follows.

1. The character of the technical skilled person

2. The period of education（Length of education that was given together）

3. Mutual understanding and positive objective

4. A technical skilled person that has eyes for education.

5. Relationship of mutual trust.

6. It is not for profit-making purpose.

　I introduced the above mentioned thing to food coordination education and contribution to society.

　This paper, from the results of participant observation, will reveal their realities and tasks of the disaster area reconstruction assistance activities that are deployed in Minamisanriku town and Kesennuma city, Miyagi Prefecture which are the tsunami disaster affected areas of the Great East Japan Earthquake.

　In addition, it tries to outlook the possibility of regional cooperation network between Miyagi prefecture and the Kyushu region that is being formed by specialty products "Haiboshi"(fish or meat that is deodorized, dried and matured by volcanic ash).

　Therefore, first, 1. It follows the deployment of Minamisanriku "Fukkou-ichi"(the monthly event named a market for reconstruction of disaster affected areas) from the Great East Japan Earthquake until today. 2. I consider the future challenges of Fukkou-ichi from the results of participant observation by advertising sales of Haiboshi.

　Then, 3. I can clarify the current situation and problems of "Haiboshi Project" in Kesennuma Yokaichi shopping district on the basis of participant observation.

　And, 4. Based on the field survey, I will outlook the future possibilities of the disaster area cooperation network that is showing a new development in the volcanic disaster stricken area of Kirishima mountain range Shinmoe and Ontakesan and Kagoshima Prefecture.

　Women’s education began in Japan in the early Meiji Period (1868–1912), and during its early years, training in needlework and handicraft production was considered important. Otsuma Women’s University was established by Kotaka Otsuma in 1908 as a private school for handicrafts and sewing, a tradition that has been passed down to the present day. This paper discusses 267 items belonging to the handicrafts and needlework collection at Otsuma Women’s University Museum that were studied in November to December 2014 with the aim of furthering understanding of handicraft and sewing education at the school. The items were divided into three categories by type (“handicrafts,” “needlework samples,” and “other”) and then further divided into twelve categories based on technique. A review of publications by Kotaka Otsuma revealed that many of the items resembled those included in publications dating from 1927–30. The type, production techniques, and other aspects of the items indicated that they were produced between the end of the Taisho Period (1912–26) and 1935. The majority of the items were lace, and the predominance of practical items such as tablecloths, together with the content of the practice work, suggests that the university’s curriculum was designed with the practical needs of students in mind. This study demonstrates the importance of the handicraft and needlework collection at Otsuma Women’s University Museum for gaining insight into the nature of handicraft education at the university from the late Taisho Period through 1935.

　The purpose of this study is to construct a new evaluation method using rubrics for clinical psychology practice in hospital. As the first step of this study, we tried to clarify the actual guiding principles of a faculty of clinical psychology. In proceeding with the above, a faculty’s feedbacks to 130 reports on clinical psychology practice in hospital were analyzed through the text-mining analysis using KH Coder. We performed a hierarchical cluster analysis and a correspondence analysis by using the components. Seven clusters of characteristics were extracted as a result of the hierarchical cluster analysis．These clusters means that some guiding principles of this faculty were as follows; 1. How to observe and understand a wide variety of clinical interventions by medical staffs, 2. How to describe their way to exchange with the patients, in order to grasp the meanings of relation between trainees and the patients. 3. How to use psychological tests effectively in the hospital setting. Further research is needed to clarify core skills that are necessary to work at medical fields, through the text-mining analysis of trainee’s reports.

　Child poverty and child abuse are getting intensified in spite of expansion of child plan forming and family support service. Community workers and social workers for the children works on problem grasp based on child's range of livelihood and derives the countermeasure are desired. I aimed at the community assessment which is the early stage of the community work and worked on making of existing community assessment seat based on child's right through consideration of an area assessment sheet by this research. Community assessment is part of a process used to plan child friendly policies. As a result, I designed the community assessment sheet including child's index of living condition and the problem arrangement sheet.

　This research is a research of the social worker's skill improvement from the aspect of the supervision. The focus was applied to the Peer supervision in the supervision. Especially, the execution of the Peer supervision by the social worker in a multi area is original of this research. The Peer supervision was executed from May, 2014 to March, 2015. The theme is a skill improvement of the social work, activity in senior citizen welfare, the female support, the young cancer patient support, and the senior citizen facilities, the life space interviews, job coach, handicapped person support, and care managers support. It has been understood that managed function is not, and is done only by an educational function and supporting function in the place of the Peer supervision.

　In the current study, we focused on depression among the undergraduates and developed preventive educational CBT programs that are appropriate for both university classes and counseling services. This study evaluated the group facilitation of a CBT psycho-educational program in university counseling services from the point of Person-Centered Approach. The results led to the following suggestions. (1) There is a need to allow the students to receive their psychological knowledge in a more objective manner. (2) We should not make the transmitting of the psychological knowledge the purpose of the group but respect the students’ way of being and allow for their own way of receiving the psychological knowledge. (3) By aiming for a natural exchange among the students, the group leader should plan for ways to promote that exchange and to make a program that facilitates the student exchange to proceed in a gradual manner.

　Kotaka Otsuma wrote a diary from 24^th on October in 1965 to 31^st on October in 1967. This diary represents the later days of her life including her daily events, her human relationships and so on. This also includes actual human relations between living persons, therefore it must not be permitted to open this, and however this is one of the most important materials about her life and thoughts especially in her later life. This work was supported by Institute of Human Culture Studies, Otsuma Women's University (Grant Number K2615).

　In recent years, clinical psychologists involved in the mind of the people he has worked extensively in the field and various other medical care, welfare, education, justice and industry.　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　I intended for the graduate student that clinical psychologist training was on the way and the counselor who I completed a graduate school, and passed through the clinical experience for several years in this study and extracted the characteristic of the beginner counselor in the counseling scene and examined it how they acted. And I extracted the characteristic of the counselor who completed a graduate school and examined a difference with the counselor beginner for searching and was intended that I proposed it to clinical psychologist training education by clarifying those differences.

　As a result, the graduate student does not understand the problem of the client enough; felt that could not cope well. In addition, they felt "ability is tried as a counselor "and "fear of the interruption". And "the uneasiness that fitness was threatened in working as a counselor in future" became clear, and it was suggested that there was the fitness uneasiness basic in the background of the tangle that did not affect a client, the expectation of the counselor .However, the characteristic seen in a graduate student was not seen in the counselor who completed a graduate school. If the consideration to a factor to cause the persistence to "a model" "to give a graduate student an opportunity to let you think about what was expected, and what oneself expected of whom" or measures were not taken, from these, the basic thing that was not solved was suggested.

　Rhizobium form root nodule in the host legume. Phytohormone cytokinin is reported to be involved in the nodulation (Nod) factor signal transduction. In this study, expression of IPT concerning cytokinin synthesis was researched time-dependent change in the inoculation of Rhizobium. The analysis showed that a peak of expression appeared at one minute after infection. Then, a peak of expression was observed at 30 minutes after infection in cytokinin receptor gene LHK1. Therefore, it is likely to be a important role signaling system about cytokinin synthesis in nodule formation is discussed.

　Meiji government utilized so-called "Goshin’ei (Real Figure, Imperial Portrait)" to re-establish Modern Imperial System. That was planned as an image strategy at first. But what was the most useful strategy which gave the absolute authority to Meiji Emperor? I might say it wasn't so important to show the image to Japanese people. The government compelled the Japanese to obey various ceremonies like Reading ceremony of the Imperial Rescript on Education. Such ceremonies usually followed by deep bow were very useful to discipline the Japanese for worship of the Emperor. Therefore looking at the image directly was rather prohibited. We should say such kind of prohibition was the most efficient. The powerful image told the Japanese not to look at, but to bow deeply.

　I’d like to say that we will be compelled to find the same kind of prohibition in the films directed by Kenji Mizoguchi. His film exactly tells us “Don’t look at, just bow deeply.”

　The Great East Japan Earthquake taking place on 11th March, 2011 and the following Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident have become a touchstone that called the Japanese mass media system into question ; namely "What and how mass media should report in case of catastrophic disaster?" "How media organizations should be reorganized?" "How mass media must prepare for possible next disasters?" These wide range of questions require comprehensive examinations based on the various points of view, such as Media Industry Study, Journalism Study and Disaster Coverage. In this report I rely on executive interviews with major national media executives that went as the first step of the comprehensive research, which is to study how they are preparing for next disasters and in what way they are inheriting what they have learned from 3.11 coverage to the next generation of journalists. It appears that problems Japanese mass media face to are the current state of readiness maintenance that does not progress because of the size of the nationwide organizations, and the obstacles in the inheritance efforts which tend to be largely influenced by the human element of the leaders, not the organizations.

　The purpose of this paper is to redefine the vocational education in Japan based on the discussion in recent years. This paper follows the evolution of vocational education in Japan from the time of modernization and on. Furthermore, based on cases from Northern Europe, Western Europe, and Asian countries represented by China, the study identifies the importance of improving the distinction between “general education” and “vocational education” as they differ in contemporary Japan. In addition, a strategy for solving this problem addresses the necessity to build a system that enables students and their parents to select various career paths based not only on high school education but also on the cooperation between high schools and universities.

　Social class is one of the notable features in English literature. I think British government tries to downplay the social class system at present. However, this system has great influence on culture, occupation, education and so on in British daily life. Problems concerning the social classes often have broken onto the surface of life. My research focuses on the novels concerned with this aspect of society in the twentieth century. My study is about the changing social stratum and the novels as its reflection.

　Ernest Hemingway’s “Cat in the Rain” has its characters communicating in English and Italian. Yet, when closely checked, the exchange is conducted more in Italian and less in English than in the published version. Moreover, some obviously irregular expressions in Italian intrigue one to assume that the American woman’s limited proficiency in Italian plays a substantial part in the story. This viewpoint promotes, as the import of the story, the wife’s struggle and gnawing sense of insecurity trapped between her husband’s indifference and her poor rapport with the hotel people, while on their seemingly little planned travel which does not promise a settled and fulfilling life she longs for.

　Overlapping this imagery, there looms up Giorgio de Chirico’s “Mystery and Melancholy of a Street,” the enigmatic painting of 1914. The motif of a cat sighted, not retrieved but replaced with a different one contains an inevitably loose yet convincing similarity to that of the shadow of the old man/statue-monument in the solidly structured visual confusion of the painting. One might be intrigued to imagine a more substantial and long-range artistic sympathy between Hemingway and de Chirico, who supposedly shared time and space in the modernistic European art scene of the first half of the twentieth century. Paul Cezanne is a well-established influence on Hemingway, a fact which should none the less encourage a search into that of Giorgio de Chirico.

　This study was aimed to describe the parent’s needs for childcare and its difficulties. The subjects were 2 mothers: one with 3 months child, and the other with 18 months child.

　As a result, it was found that when the women valued the instrumental and emotional supports high, which from partner and relative, the positive feeling toward child-rearing will be gained. For the further research direction, effective supports which can meet the women’s needs must increase.

　Furthermore, at the woman in child care period, are thinking that current support is not enough to light a load of daily life. However, subjects in this research were taking a way which “devise to take positive”: for example, when her demands being unsatisfied, they change the viewpoint to take it better: and supply the insufficiency. Moreover, it was found that not only fully support, but also support to promote the “devise to take positive”, will be effective for positive feeling toward child-rearing.

　This study was aimed to describe the factors for well-being of woman in child-rearing period.

　The first study (the subjects were 204 mothers) explored the factors for well-being, from data of questionnaire survey. The results showed that, effects from “views of childcare” to “well-being” were big, but effects from “work values” were not.

　The second study (the subjects were 10 mothers) examined and described in more details about woman’s well-being, and the supports that leads to improve the well-being, from the interview research. The mother which shows low well-being, takes more negative about child, husband, or supports from others, than the high well-being mothers, because they can’t change the view point to take the stressful scene more better.

　Moreover, it was found that not only fully support, but also support to promote view changing, will be effective to improve the child-rearing mother’s well-being.

　The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of ideal-real self discrepancy, dysfunctional and functional self-focus, Rumination and Reflection, on inferiority feeling. A questionnaire study was conducted with 278 university students. The results suggested that the larger ideal-real self discrepancy and Rumination, the higher is the inferiority feeling score. And the larger ideal-real self discrepancy effected in Rumination and Rumination was thus mediate between the ideal-real self discrepancy and inferiority feeling. Although Reflection was not effect in the larger ideal-real self discrepancy, but it was negative effect in inferiority feeling. Finally, without increasing the Rumination, to enhance the Reflection, it has been shown likely to be effective in reducing the inferiority feeling.

　It is reported that the intramuscular lipids in various health obstacles. However, there are few studies for sedentary young female. The purpose of this study was to clarity the distribution of intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) and extramyocellular lipids (EMCL) in lower leg muscle of sedentary young female. Sixteen female college students (age: 21.0 ± 0.6 years) participated in this study. IMCL and EMCL contents of tibialis anterior (TA), soleus (SOL) and medial gastrocnemius (MG) are evaluated by using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in this study. Body composition was evaluated by the segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance method. IMCL content of SOL was higher than that of TA and MG (p<0.01). EMCL content of SOL and MG was higher than that of TA (SOL vs. TA：p<0.01，MG vs. TA：p<0.01). These results revealed the accumulation of intramuscular lipids in sedentary young female.

　　　Objectives: A risk of life-related disease onset has increased due to obesity or over-weight men and women in Japan. In a cross over study on physique and eating habits, however longitudinal study between physique in young women and physique and dietary habits in middle-aged women are few. The purpose of this study is to clarify any influences on what the subjects have learned about nutrition which can contribute to their physique and dietary behavior in the future. Methods: The subjects of this study were 147 women who graduated from Otsuma Women’s University department of food science from 1975 to 1984. We compared the changes in body mass index (BMI) and dietary behavior of the subjects from they were young adults to middle-aged. Results: The ratio of subjects with a BMI <18.5 when they were young adults was 9.7% and was less than 22 year old women, with a lean ratio (14.4%), found in a national nutrition survey 3 decades ago. The ratio of subjects with a BMI >25 in their middle-aged was 9.6% and was less than persons with an obese ratio (21.9%) found in a national nutrition survey in 2011. Conclusion: This study concludes that people can control their physique through what they have learned about nutrition.

　Sumo world is supported by a variety of rules. And say sumo world of rules, would think of the rules related to efforts on the playing field. But, not only that. And rules on the holding of this location, there are also rules on the master. Therefore, the present study, the rules that make up the sumo world, divided into four categories, for each of the categories, analyzes the realistic aspect of the rules inherent in there.

　This study investigates the relationship between love poetry and monk poets in the literature of the Heian period. Special attention is paid to love poems in the section of love poetry in Hachidai-shū (the eight imperial collections of waka poetry). Love affairs are generally prohibited to monks who ought to be devoted to Buddhist spiritual discipline. However, humor and laughter perceived in those love poems give reality to monks’ love affairs and, consequently, persuade the readers fairly well. Seen from creation of literature, humor and monks’ love can be combined as innovative and creative factors of poetic art.

　Love poetry, especially poems exchanged between lovers involving monks drastically increase in number in Goshūi-shū. As for the love section of Hachidai-shū, Dōmyō is best known as the monk who made a number of such poems. His licentiouness characteristic of depraved monks emerges as humor and secularity, which seem to endorse the truth of his love anecdotes. His love stories and frivolity of his love poems have much in common. They both share a poetic term, toneri-no-neya, which expresses monk’s affective feelings towards lay people. It can be safely said that this shared term provides enough evidence to the assumption that the people around Jinzen, who is the mentor of Dōmyō, influenced him in his creation of waka poetry.

　The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of emergent curriculum. The emergent curriculum approach, characterized by its emphasis on constructing and evolving nursery child-care/education programs based on children’s interests (spontaneity), is considered a suitable approach for children under three, the age group in which children’s desire for independence is most strongly manifested. This study was conducted by discussing the usefulness of emergent curriculum with child-care providers from nursery schools that employ the emergent curriculum approach, with reference to their past activity plans and notes on implementation experiences, and to their perspectives on curriculum development.

　This study produced the following four findings. First, analysis of the under-three curricula presented (annual, monthly, and weekly plans) revealed that the emergent curriculum approach enabled the child-care providers to develop and implement, in real time, curricula tailored to the actual child-care setting and the children’s state of personal growth. Second, the direction being taken in development of the format of emergent curriculum has become clearer. Third, the emergent curriculum approach is a useful means of sustaining a feedback cycle between planning and implementation. Fourth, the results of this study suggest that a key concept for supporting emergent curricula would be to formulate daily activity plans not as mere schedules but as frameworks that put emphasis on how the children experience the transitions from one activity to another. A next step to follow this study would be to explore concepts for communicating to others the usefulness of the emergent curriculum approach.

　In this paper, we examined the condition of the collection about televisions, electric washing machines and electric refrigerators made by mid-1970s and conducted the consciousness investigation about these early consumer electronics database for the museums and some facilities in Tokyo. On the basis of these results, we considered about future study policy.

　From the results of final aggregate, we found 119 objects at 26 in 128 facilities. In addition, it was given replies that hoped to get information about them from 39 facilities including currently without objects. It indicated that the database had a certain amount of requisitions. Moreover, from the utilization research of existing database, it was confirmed that to have a lot of enough discussions was becoming an important issue in future about reduction of incidence, handling of graphic contents and setup of information sharing limit.

　In this paper, first, I describe about the current situation of reformation of articulation between high school and universities and Japanese Association of First-Year Experience. Then, I discuss about the future issues. In articulation between high school and universities, a direction is indicated, which is to change the evaluation standard of students at high schools and universities. On the other hand, in Japanese First-Year Experience, they attempt to fill the gap of students between the ability, which universities require, and the one of students at the time of enrolment. There are challenges in both cases. The former case may take away motivation from students to obtain basic academic skills required at universities. The latter case, huge human cost will be the problem at universities.

　The university students have created handmade original contents with the following three Information Communication Technologies (ICT), (1) the dot codes that can link multimedia like audios, movies, html files, Web pages, and PowerPoint files, (2) e-books with Media Overlays and/or Authoring function, and (3)Augmented Reality (AR). One of the present authors (S. I.) with the university students has conducted cheerful school activities in the events of student festival at Kashiwagi elementary school (ES), student work exhibition at Shimoyugi ES, and reading period at the school library of Honmachidahigashi ES. The younger students and schoolteachers warmly welcomed the teaching materials created by the university students. Some of the materials were used for the staff (teacher) training at school, and asked to pass them to the younger students in the class. Collaborative teachers at special needs and general schools have developed their original handmade contents for the students with individual needs and desires, and conducted effective activities to help those students in their classes and homes. Collaborative research works with the staffs at Sultan Qaboos University in Oman, Wayne State University in the U.S.A, and East China Normal University in China have been started; the dot code technology developed by a Japanese venture business company is spreading over the world. One of the present authors (S. I.) has joined the workshop for junior and senior high school female students, held at Wayne State University; continuous workshops aim to promote their science and math learning. S. I. introduced their female students to new technologies developed by Japanese companies and made a deep impression on them.

　The European Union (EU) has launched a economic strategy (Lisbon strategy) in 2000, and re-launched an improved version of the strategy (Europe 2020) in 2010. Both strategies were attempted to boost growth, competitiveness and employment. The EU understood that ICT (information communication technology) would contribute to growth, competitiveness and growth, and introduced many ICT-related policies. To promote policy convergence between member states, the EU adopted the Open Method of Coordination (OMC) to policies that related to the Lisbon strategy. The OMC emphasized participation of public-private actors and mutual policy learning between member states, all of which are contrasted to the Community Method that was usually applied to promote a single market. Scholars emphasized that the OMC was different mode of governance from the Community Method, and developed the study of "New Mode of Governance". However, the Lisbon strategy could not achieve its goals and OMC failed to promote mutual policy learning as well as public-private partnership. The re-launched strategy, Europe 2020, abandoned the word of "OMC" in the official policy documents, and started to emphasize that multi-stakeholders partnership and ownership by these stakeholders would assure achievements of policies and goals. This paper focuses on such alteration of policy tools, and casts doubts on the "newness" of EU governance.

　After this paper examines the shift from the Community Method to OMC as well as the shift from OMC to policy tools in Europe 2020, it concludes that actors' participation, (voluntary) policy learning and ownership are not new phenomena: private actors and voluntary policy learning by stakeholders could be found in the single market issues which scholars categorize as the old mode (Community Method), and a fiscal surveillance system in the EU uses the concept of ownership. This paper also touches on why and how the EU study has come to use the concept of governance that was originally developed in the study of international relation study, and reveals that the original concept of governance in international relation study covers actors' participation as well as ownership. The developments of EU's policy tools so far cannot be seen as "New Mode" of governance.

　A boarding school is the main place learning and living for many middle school students in eastern Inner Mongolia. Especially for 1st year junior high-school students, learning about health and developing good self-care habits has become an important part of the boarding school education. This paper surveyed 727 1st year students from 7 boarding schools in Keyouqianqi of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Students answered a questionnaire about their health knowledge to measure the effectiveness of the school health curriculum. Urban students passed 10 topics at 90% or above, while rural students correctly answered 5 topics at this rate. Among these topics, urban and rural students shared 4 topics: hand washing to prevent cold transmission, shelf life of food, emergency number, timely medical treatment. They differed in one topic; urban students were well-versed in fire response, and rural students were concerned about the psychological problems. Among the 8 topics with a pass rate below 60%, urban and rural students shared 7 (normal value of body temperature, diseases due to contaminated drinking water, diseases caused by passive smoking, pest-borne diseases, proper distance for reading and writing, daily salt intake, and rapid weight loss). 1 item differed; treatment after dog and cat bites for urban students, the normal value of pulse for rural. These differences in awareness reflect the differences in urban and rural students’ life experience and environment. A statistical comparison showed that urban students had a higher pass rate than rural students in 13 items (P < 0.05): hand washing to prevent cold transmission, shelf life of food, fire response, vaccinations, elimination of indoor air pollution, annual health examination, AIDS transmission routes, healthy lifestyle, smoking, tuberculosis, normal value of pulse, diseases due to contaminated drinking water, and rapid weight loss. Rural students had a pass rate higher than urban students in 4 topics (P < 0.05): receiving injections when ill, dietary changes instead of drug treatment, treatment after dog and cat bites, proper distance for reading and writing. The closed management of rural boarding schools may restrict students’ access to health knowledge, and the difference in urban and rural students' health awareness may be related to their different living environments.

　When production of the yukata, beginner has a particularly hard time “cutting and pattern matching” of the stage before sewing. Already, there are some of studies that methods to support it to be able to cutting of the cloth immediately. However, both methods have some problems when it really used by a lecture, and it isn’t generalized under the present conditions.

　Therefore, I made a study about how should I cut roll of cloth to sew yukata has good look of a design when wear it, and simple method when beginners perform pattern matching of the yukata. I picked up Tyusen-yukatazi the representative cloth used for a yukata, and made a study about pattern matching of yukata when wear it. Furthermore, I made a "Matching pattern manual" for smooth cutting and pattern matching, and examined usefulness it.

　Japan has the highest life expectancy in the world. However, it becomes nowadays the biggest challenge, extending the healthy life expectation, how long human can spend their life wholesomely, not simply extending the life expectancy. Since the late elderly turn to the care state gradually, passing thorough the flail, that causes the health problem, prevention of flail makes a great contribution to extending the healthy life expectancy. Malnutrition, as well as sarcopenia, is a crucial factor of flail. Furthermore, we must keep in mind to prevent not only malnutrition but also sarcopenia, because the relation of nutrition to flail has been proved.

　In other words, for the purpose of extending the healthy life expectancy, we need to face with the late elderly stage with the correct knowledge and the appropriate awareness while in good health, not taking measures after becoming into the care state.

　But it is difficult to be recognized that the indispensable for prevention of malnutrition, because less opportunity to be aware of malnutrition at daily life. For that reason, to be recognized that the indispensable for prevention of malnutrition for elderly, I think that it is effective working on values for health and health outlook of the elderly.

　In this study, for the purpose of considering approaching methods in health educating for the elderly and measures of promoting behavior change, I researched the elderlies’ health outlook and their knowledges and interests about health and nutrition.

　As a result, it was suggested, that independent healthy elderlies who have subjectively good health outlook try to take preventive actions against health disorder and malnutrition in meals, nutrition and exercise in order to keep theirselves in good health.

　Japanese has a large number of address terms. This study focuses on the first and the second pronouns, using data taken from Japanese comic, and analysing the way they are used in conversation from viewpoints of “utterance intention”, “scene of utterance” and “interpersonal relation of speaker and audience”.

　We developed two kind of semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for estimating habitual nutrient intake from young Thai. One FFQ is developed to modify the Japanese FFQ according to the data from dietary record of 56 young Thai (Thai_FFQ1). The other FFQ is developed to add the portion size of intake per one meal to the FFQ using Thai national nutritional survey (Thai_FFQ2). To increase the precision of answer of Thai_FFQ2, we developed photographic inventory which listed food items with each portion size. Both Thai_FFQ1 and Thai_FFQ2 were conducted 252 Thai young and foods and nutrient intake were calculated. We found high correlation between nutrients estimated by Thai_FFQ1 and those by Thai_FFQ2.

　In late years, in some animation movies which Hayao Miyazaki produced, it was confirmed that contrast structure was used. "Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind" as animation movie version has six pairs of correspondence^[1]. In this paper, I clarify a kind of the expression technique when Miyazaki creates animation movies. It was aimed for a thing and compared the contrast structure of the animation version shown with [1] with the original comics version. As a result, the contrast structure confirmed that Miyazaki was formed when he organized the animation version.

Objective: Recent years, prevalence of dietary supplement use increase among pregnant women in Japan, therefore for evaluating folate intake during pregnancy, it is significant to take into account dietary supplement. We examined the contribution ratio of dietary supplements to total folate intake and relationship between folate intake from diet and use of dietary supplements among Japanese pregnancy. Method: Subjects were 194 Japanese pregnant women who visit National Center for Child Health and Development in 2011. We used the Food Frequency Questionnaire for calculating folate intake dietary, and the dietary habits and life style questionnaire from calculating folate intake from dietary supplements. Prevalence of folate supplements use and contribution of folate supplements to total folate intake were compared across quartile of folate intake from diet. Result: Supplement users were 74.2%(n=144) women. Average of contribution ratio of dietary supplements to folate intake was 42.2±28.2%. Discussion: Prevalence of folate supplement use in subjects and contribution ratio of folate supplements to total folate intake were exceedingly high. Therefore if we survey folate intake among pregnancy without taking account of dietary supplements, we will underestimate it. The highest quartile of folate intake from diet was the lowest prevalence of dietary supplement use and the lowest contribution of folate supplements to total folate intake. Dietary folate intakeis relevant to folate intake from diet and use of dietary supplements among Japanese pregnancy. Conclusion: This study indicates that taking account of dietary supplement provides more accurate estimate of folate intake.

　The structure of Augustine’s “Confessions” as 1-9 consists of chiastic structure. In this paper, it was considered the cause of why this composition was brought to this text. Two reasons were indicated here, (1) based on the Augustine's soul, (2) Influence of the character of Ikyou-houmon-tan.

　After World War II, the life and culture of the people living in Japan changed drastically. Especially, the popularization of bread-centered diet is major problem concerning the staple food of the Japanese. Why has the bread taken a firm hold on the Japanese life-style? From the results obtained in the investigations with a wide viewpoint and from many angles, it was found that large baking company plays an important role in popularization of bread-centered diet. Then, in this article describes about the background for the birth of the large baking company.

　The so-called Kirishitan in early modern Japan lived in a multilingual environment. As part of an ongoing project documenting their use of the Latin language, the author recently inspected two manuscripts, one at Magdalen College, Oxford, and another at the Kirishitan Bunko Library of Sophia University, Tokyo. In the former, the author discovered more traces of the use of Western languages (Latin and Portuguese) than had been reported in published sources, and uncovered signs of erasures by scraping which likewise had not been previously noted. As for the latter, the author, having inspected the original manuscript, proposes some minor improvements over a preexisting transcript prepared by Harada, and otherwise vindicates Harada’s assertion that the text strongly suggests that the book to which the manuscript is attached was carried by the Japanese Kirishitan Thomas Araki himself from Japan to Italy. Together, these manuscript sources testify to the multilingual and transnational nature of the world in which the Kirishitan lived and through which the sparse and precious remains of their endeavor were to be scattered.