HIKAKU BUNGAKU Journal of Comparative Literature
Online ISSN : 2189-6844
Print ISSN : 0440-8039
ISSN-L : 0440-8039
Volume 35
Displaying 1-28 of 28 articles from this issue
 
ARTICLES
  • Tsuneo KURACHI
    Article type: SPECIAL SECTION ON AKUTAGAWA
    1993 Volume 35 Pages 25-37
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: June 17, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

     Bien que les recherches de sources apportent maints résultats pour élucider la méthode de récit d’Akutagawa Ryûnosuke, il n’y a aucune mention jusqu’ici à ce qu’il doit à Paul Bourget, maître des romans psychologiques avec “Le Disciple” et d’autres. Dans la bibliothèque d’Akutagawa se trouve un Paul Bourget, intitulé: Antigone and other portaits of Women [Les Voyageuses], translated by William Marchant, New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1898.

     C’est un receuil des nouvelles, où se contiennent 6 pièces: “Antigone”, “Deux ménages”, “Neptunevale”, “Charité de femme”, “Odile”, et “La Pia” A la dernière page de “Antigone”, Akutagawa note ses remarques en quelques lignes: “Bien écrit avec émotion touchante. Ce qu’il est excellent, c’est qu’il ne tombe pas sentimental, ce romancier. La couleur locale contribue aussi à renforcer ses effets. Je désire écrire une oeuvre pareille.” Nous voyons ici une suite de portraits de passantes, esquissés dans le rapide clair de la plus fugitive impression sur la route de voyages. “Antigone” est une histoire d’une rencontre à Corfu avec le politicien Malglaive, un ancien camarade de classe qui séjourne avec sa soeur dans cette île pour éviter le scandale de Panama. On est touché par ces portraits de sa soeur Christine qui s’acharne à le défendre malgré tout et Zaffoni, homme noble et honnête qui les protège pour la raison de Christine. Ainsi chacune de ces passantes dans ces nouvelles est l’héroïne d’un petit drame. Ce genre de Pastels dans lesquels l’auteur essaie de deviner ou d’imaginer le roman intime dans ces passantes, suggère à Akutagawa le style exquis de ses nouvelles écrites à ses dernières années, dont “L’éventail au Sud de Lac” tiré de son carnet de voyages en Chine en 1921. Dans ces nouvelles, Akutagawa a approché de son ideal “l’histoire sans intrigue” qu’il a proposé dans ses querelles avec Tanizaki Junichirô.

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  • sur la figure de Masago dans «Yabu no naka»
    Kiwahito KONNO
    Article type: SPECIAL SECTION ON AKUTAGAWA
    1993 Volume 35 Pages 39-49
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: June 17, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

     Qui n’éprouve d’embarras devant les trois monologues contradictoires de «Yabu no naka» («Dans le Fourré») d’Akutagawa Ryûnosuke, dans lesquels chacun des trois personnages (Tajômaru, Masago, Takehiro) s’avoue auteur de la mort de Takehiro? Beaucoup de critiques-détectives se sont efforcés de trouver le coupable, mais aucune des solutions ne se révélant absolument convaincante, on commence à lire dans ces trois récits autant de drames psychologiques indépendants, et non pas des mensonges et la vérité.

     Nous adoptons nous aussi cette perspective, et la figure de Masago retient notre attention. Victime d’un viol par Tajômaru, elle n’en cause pas moins (volontairement ou non) la mort des deux hommes (Tajômaru qui n’échapperait pas à la peine de mort et Takehiro qui meurt de trois manières (!)). Elle s’impose à nous comme Femme fatale, thème favori de la littérature occidentale au XIXe siècle. Akutagawa s’est certainement inspiré de Théophile Gautier (l’image de Nyssia dans «Le Roi Candaule»), mais nous voulons faire remarquer l’influence éventuelle d’O. Henry.

     Les figures contradictoires de Masago—chaste et voluptueuse, froide et passionnée, féminine et masculine—retracées par ces trois narrateurs peuvent être interprétées, soit comme des variantes de la Femme fatale, soit comme les visages d’une femme telle que la dépeint la déposition de sa mère, placée avant les trois monologues. C’est dans cette ambiguité que réside l’originalité de l’oeuvre, et Masago apparaît comme l’un des personnages les plus énigmatiques produits par la littérature japonaise moderne.

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  • Gwan CHOI
    Article type: SPECIAL SECTION ON AKUTAGAWA
    1993 Volume 35 Pages 51-61
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: June 17, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

     It is well known that much of Akutagawa Ryunosuke’s work is based on many Eastern and Western historical and mythological documents. Among his works Kim Shogun, published in the magazine Shin Shosetsu in 1924, is a short novel featuring General Kim Eung-Seo of the Choson period (1392 〜 1897) as its protagonist. It seems that Akutagawa took the idea for the framework of the story from the famous legendary literature of the Choson period, which deals with the invasion of the Choson dynasty by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1592.

     The setting of Kim Shogun is Pyung Yang which saw fierce battles during the invasion. The main story involves the murder of the Japanese General Konishi Yukinaga by General Kim Eung-Seo, who killed him with the assistance of the “Kisaeng” (courtesan), Gye Wol-Hyang.

     In particular it is noteworthy that Akutagawa adopted the grotesque descriptions of Imjinrok, a representative work of the Choson period describing “Imjin Waeran” (the invasion of the Choson dynasty) and then built on this image to create his work. In spite of its importance, this fact has never before been discussed in research work. Through a comparative study of Kim Shogun and Imjinrok, it is clear that Kim Shogun was greatly influenced by Imjinrok.

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  • Akio SASAKI
    1993 Volume 35 Pages 63-74
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: June 17, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

     Doi Bansui’s poem ‘Venus de Milo’ which is contained in ‘Tokai Yūshi Gin’ published in 1906 belongs to the genre of the ekphrāsis. Bansui tries to represent in this poem the deep emotion he felt when he viewed this famous work of Greek sculpture. He also intended to introduce to Japanese readers this traditional genre of Occidental literature.

     In this poem Bansui borrows a technique from the French Parnassian poet Leconte de Lisle. In his 'Vénus de Milo’,Leconte de Lisle asserts repeatedly that this Venus does not resemble usually accepted images of Venus: The Venus who fell in love with Adonis etc. Rather, he says that Venus of the Milo is too noble and too full of divine dignity and her other-worldly beauty belongs to the Pythagorean universe. Bansui also denies three times in succession the homogeneity of this goddess with other traditional visions of Venus. But he sees in this Venus a far more gentle goddess and a beauty filled with feminine charms. Thus, in Bansui’s poem the special characteristics of this Venus are not so apparent as in Leconte de Lisle’s. The Parnassian’s poetical technique only contributed to enrich Bansui's poem with gorgeous images.

     On the other hand, Bansui's poem is deeply influenced by Keats's ekphrāsis poem ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’. Its name is written by Bansui in the margin of Leconte de Lisle’s ‘Vénus de Milo’. Both the urn and the Goddess have been buried in the ground for a long time, and they convey to us the feeling of the happy and great days of the former golden age. And this reminds us that our days are full of sorrow and suffering.

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  • In reference to a poem by Meredith
    Mihoko HIGAYA
    1993 Volume 35 Pages 75-88
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: June 17, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

     As is widely known, the English poem cited in Chapter 4 of Natsume Sōse-ki's Kusamakura (1906) is an excerpt from George Meredith's The Shaving of Shagpat (1855), an allegorical romance reminiscent of The Arabian Nights. The poem appears in a fantastic episode entitled ‘The Story of Bhanavar the Beautiful’. Comparative study of the two novels reveals a strong likeness between Bhanavar and Nami, the heroine of Kusamakura, in various ways. The description of Bhanavar by the shore of the lake at sunset, which represents a Pre-Raphaelite picture in prose, closely overlaps that of Nami on the bank of the Kagami pond. This iconographical analogy indicates that both the heroines belong to the tradition of the femme fatale who flourishes at the sacrifice of men. Also, Bhanavar is depicted as the Queen of Serpents, while the prototype of Nami can be traced back to Kiyohime, a serpentine woman popular in Japanese folklore. What distinguishes them from the stereotyped femme fatale , however, is that they suffer bitterly from their fate and consciousness of their sins, and that they seek salvation in death. In short, they are both cast in a legendary mould but have a modern, complex mentality.

     This paper attempts to examine how Soseki assimilated the Pre-Raphaelite image of Bhanavar, as well as her character of a modern femme fatale, into his heroine in an oriental setting, and to clarify his intrinsic kinship to Meredith who was no less a poet than a philosophical novelist.

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  • Yoriko SHIBATA
    1993 Volume 35 Pages 89-101
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: June 17, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

     Certains poèmes français de Rainer Maria Rilke (1875–1926), composés vers la fin de sa vie (1923–1926), sont profondément influencés par le haïku japonais, comme le remarque H. Meyer.

     Rilke a fait du haïku, à partir de 1920, à travers la langue française, entre autres par l’intermédiaire de Sages et Poètes d’Asie (P-L. Couchoud, 1919), conservé à la Bibliothèque Nationale suisse de Berne.

     C’est principalement dans le chapitre II de ce livre, «Les Epigrammes lyriques du Japon», que l’on trouve beaucoup d’annotations de sa main. Il a marqué et annoté 36 haïkus sur les 158 traduits en français et les quatre passages de ce chapitre qui expliquent les caractéristiques du haïku. Parmi ces 36 haïkus celui d’Onitsura sur les fleurs porte un astérisque ce qui est exceptionnel.

     Il est intéressant de constater que ces caractéristiques du haïku se manifestent dans le premier poème du cycle «Roses» (1924–26). Le poème XIV et le haïku d’Onitsura semblent se faire écho.

     En outre, dans sa lettre française à S. Giauque (1925) accompagnée de 29 haïkus, Rilke expose l’idée ultime qu’il se fait de la poésie, en donnant sa définition du haïku. Celle-ci consiste à transfigurer «le visible», une chose terrestre fragile, en «l’invisible», grâce à l’écriture concise et inspirée du haïku.

     Enfin, Rilke compose lui-même trois pièces de <Haïkaï>; il en adopte même la structure et l’esprit dans son épitaphe sur d’une rose.

     C’est pourquoi, on ne peut expliquer ses derniers poèmes sans tenir compte de l’influence du haïku.

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  • - Hal Porter’s “Mr Butterfry” and Xavier Herbert’s Poor Fellow My Country
    Kazue NAKAMURA
    1993 Volume 35 Pages 103-115
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: June 17, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

     There are a number of Australian novels and short stories in which Japan or Japanese characters appear, not merely as objects of curiosity, but as an essential part of a work. In this essay I discuss the nature of two such works.

      “Mr Butterfry” is the story of an Australian man, Blue, married to a Japanese wife with “alien inscrutability and the stolen accent [i.e.,Australian English].” Throughout the work, the author Hal Porter remains an observer of an exotic culture of Japanese ( = inscrutable) aliens. He detests the fusion of western culture destroying eastern tradition, so conspicuous in post-war Japan. To understand his sentiment, it is necessary to see that he feels the same way towards post-war Australia, changing rapidly through industralization and multi-culturalization.

      In the case of Poor Fellow My Country, we find the author much more sympathetic to Japanese and other “aliens.” Herbert understands and tries to integrate the plural visions of the world in order to create a new national identity for Australia, independent of the Old World. His ideal is expressed through the ambitions of the hero of the story, Jeremy, a white man dreaming of a “Creole Nation.” In turn, Jeremy’s grandson, Prindy, a clever half-caste aboriginal boy, embodies this dream. Herbert believes Japan to share the same agony that Australia experiences in its struggle to find its place between Asia and Europe. Even in the scene of the Japanese bombardment of Darwin, Herbert appears more hostile to Western imperialism than to that of the Japanese.

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  • Yuriko YAMANAKA
    1993 Volume 35 Pages 117-128
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: June 17, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

     In 1879 in St. Petersburg, Nâser al-Din Shāh of Persia, on his way home from Europe, received the Japanese Ambassador Plenipotentiary to Russia, Enomoto Takeaki, in audience and expressed his intention of entering into diplomatic and commercial relations with Japan. Upon his return to Japan, Enomoto suggested the dispatch of a mission, and a small delegation headed by Yoshida Masaharu of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs accompanied by Noriyoshi Furukawa of the General Staff Office, Yokoyama Magoichiro and Tuchida Masajiro of Okura and Co., and four other merchants was sent to Iran in 1880. This delegation was entrusted with only commercial research on the Persian trade. Travel books published by both Yoshida and Furukawa record their hard journey through Iran, introduce the Iranian culture, history, and religion (which was virtually unknown to the Japanese at that time), as well as give valuable information on the domestic situation in Qajar Persia.

     In this paper I shall compare the experience of the Iwakura delegation, who visited Europe and the United States, to that of Yoshida, who visited Iran which was, like Meiji Japan, still in the process of modernization. Unlike the Iwakura delegation, Yoshida’s mission did not bring back any practical information for the modernization of Japan. However, in Iran, Yoshida had a chance to actually witness serious problems which resulted from the superficial imitation of western culture, and he realized the dangers that his own country could face, of losing its own identity in the process of modernization.

     Historically, Asia has long been a menace to Australia, a white nation isolated in the Asiatic quarter of the world. Porter could be said to have expressed this typical feeling, whereas Herbert seeks rather for the means to unite his home with Asia, in the search for a new Australian identity.

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  • Yasuko ENOMOTO
    1993 Volume 35 Pages 129-139
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: June 17, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

     Fou Lei (1908 〜 1966) was a famous translator who introduced works of French literature into China. Among these works, Romain Rolland's Jean Christophe is the most popular. It was published during the anti-Japanese war, and Chinese people were encouraged by its humanism.

     Fou Lei, one of the intellectuals who were worrying about their nation's future, had much sympathy with the “hero's” spirit described in Rolland's works. When he first read The Life of Beethoven (Vie de Beethoven) during his stay in France as a student in the late ’20s, he was strongly impressed with Beethoven's sheer willpower. From that time on, Beethoven became his role model. Fou Lei also translated Rolland’s works into Chinese in order to enlighten Chinese people.

     Christophe, an ideal “hero” created by Rolland, was a symbol of the peace and harmony in Europe. At that time, Fou Lei compared his son Fou Ts’ong, who is now a famous pianist in London, to Christophe. He expected his son to realize his ideal that the civilizations of the East and the West would be harmonized. He hoped that, as a Chinese, Fou Ts’ong would contribute to the progress of western music.

     But in 1958, Fou Lei became a victim of the Anti-Rightist Campaign, and Jean-Christophe was severely criticized as literature with bourgeois taste. In his later years, Fou Lei preferred the realism of Balzac to the idealism of Rolland. The fact that Fou Lei finally lost his ideal represented the disappointment of Chinese intellectuals with their government. Fou Lei killed himself when the Cultural Revolution began in 1966.

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  • Voice of Narrative Address and Reader Expectations from Chapter 1 of The Tale of Genji
    Noriko Takeda
    1993 Volume 35 Pages 266-247
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: June 17, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
NOTES
  • L’Univers artistique d’Isson Tanaka et celui de Paul Gauguin
    Kanoko YUHARA
    1993 Volume 35 Pages 141-150
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: June 17, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

     Isson Tanaka (1908–1977) qui peignit Amami rappelle Paul Gauguin (1848–1903), peintre de Tahiti. Que cherchèrent-ils dans les îles du sud?

     Gauguin partit pour Tahiti, sous l’influence d’une idée courante au XIXe siècle en France: l’aspiration pour le paradis perdu. Dérivée de la philosophie de Rousseau, cette idée se développa dans le mouvement symboliste en tant que fuite de la civilisation dépravée et envol artistique vers des pays lointains.

     Quant à Isson, grâce à son éducation bouddhiste dans son enfance et à sa lecture des poèmes chinois, sa fuite à Amami se situe plutôt dans la pensée traditionnelle des ermites: vivre reclus en pleine nature, afin d’atteindre l’étape spirituelle et esthétique supérieure.

     Ce qui intéressa Gauguin à Tahiti, ce furent les indigènes, le mythe de Maori, et entre autres les femmes, munies d’un corps sain et d’une âme innocente. Il peignait l’Eve de Tahiti dans le paradis primitif dont il rêvait. Cependant le visage tourmenté de ses auto portraits trahit l’angoisse métaphysique qu’un Européen de la fin du siècle prouvait éprouver dans son coeur déchiré.

     Par contre, Isson, désintéressé par l’humanité, se consacra à peindre la nature d’Amami. Ses oeuvres d’une beauté fantasmagorigue témoignent de la communion intime établie entre le peintre et la nature.

     Leurs univers artistiques, tout en s’inspirant de l’énergie vitale de la terre primitive, sont ainsi marqués de la différence essentielle qu’il y a entre la culture occidentale et celle de l’Orient.

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  • Мицумаса ТАМУРА
    1993 Volume 35 Pages 151-166
    Published: March 31, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: June 17, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

     Настоящая статья имеет целью выяснить, как воспринимали японскую традиционную поэзию в России до 1917 года.

     На основе материалов 10 книг начиная с работы «Китай и Япония в их поэзии» (1896) до «Японская поэзия» (1914), рассмотрены три следующих фактора восприятия японской традиционной поэзии в России.

     Во-первых, это восприятие не специфическое явление, присущее только России, а явление мировое, которое произошло в течении представления японской культуры миру во второй половине 19-го века. В России интерес к японской литературе, особенно к японской традиционной поэзии, зародился благодаря работам европейских учёных, которые перевели японскую литературу на европейские языки.

     Но одновременно с этитм нельзя отрицать тот факт, что в России уже в самом начале 20-го века начинают закладываться основы восприятия японской литературы. И это можно назвать вторым фактором, способствуюцим восприятию в России японской традиционной поэзии. Именно в это время начинают свою работу такие выдающиеся японисты, как Е. Спальвин, С. Елисеев, Н. Конрад, Н. Невский, прошедшие курс обучения в Японии, открывая своими исследованиями новую страницу в русской японистике.

     Наконец, стоит отметить, что во многом восприятию японской традиционной поэзии в России в начале века способствует большой и глубокий интерес к ней со стороны русских поэтов. Существуют переводы японской традиционной поэзии символистами В. Брюсовым и К. Бальмонтом; другие русские поэты (А. Белый, В. Хлебников) тоже не остаются безучастными к японской традиционной поэзии. И не будет ошибкой сказать, что книга японского русиста Ямагучи Моити «Импрессионизм как господствующее направление японской поэзии» (1913), которую издали в это же время в Петербурге, оказала большое влияние на их переводы.

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