Donald Robinson presented a paper titled "Can Constitutional Democracy Be Imposed? : A Case Study of the Origins of the Japanese Constituition" at the 1999 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. At the 1997 Annual Meeting, he gave a thesis on the origins of the Constitution of Japan as follows : The making of the Constitution of 1946 was a collaborative achievement. The purpose of this paper is to reexamine how Robinson's thesis is developed in his new paper.

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ベルギー国憲法は1831年2月7日に施行された。立法者は君主を想定しながらも, 君主の政治的介入を前例がない程制限していた。しかし, 歴史的な状況とレオポルド一世の性格により, 立法者の想定よりも君主の政治的介入は強かったと思われる。第二次世界大戦後には君主のフォーマルな政治介入は終了したものの1950年に即位したボードワン国王によりインフォーマルな政治介入が強化された。ベルギー国憲法の実態と運用にずれが生じたことを論じることがこの論文の目的である。

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Recently in Japan, the irregular employee; freelance part-time worker called "Freeter; Free arbiter" in Japanese is on the increase. Especially, many irregular employee who had graduated from high school, college or university are contained in that. As for that age, 15-24 years old is most. These young Japanese people don't get a regular employ intentionally, and try to bring about their purpose. However, most people can't attain their ambitions, and are put on the socially or economically unstable conditions. In this paper, I will study problems related to their practice and protection of human rights of the irregular employee in the Japanese Constitution. If possible, then, I wish to think about a future Japanese employment form and labor mobility.

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Nowadays in general the so-called "dead vote" is disliked and unpopular. But the electoral systems in which electors take no notice of dead vote are known to us. They are the majoritarian representation system, above all things the single-member district system, in other words first-past-the-post system. Here the focus is brought on the representation of the whole people, accordingly the integrated Will of the People. On the contrary, in the proportional representation system the reflection of the Will of the People, in reality of each party composing the Will of the People is aimed at. Its motive is to decrease the dead vote. But by overdecreasing appeared the unstable multi-parties political situation. Consequently, newly the technique to produce the dead vote, for example so-called exclusion barrier clause, was tried. In this essay I have intended to see about not only the minusimages, but also the significance of the dead vote.

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Since the Judgment of the Supreme Court in 1995, the idea that 'Tolerance Theory' is right and that 'Prohibition Theory' is wrong has been debated continuously. Therefore, this paper explores both views. First of all, I researched 'Prohibition Theory', 'Tolerance Theory', and 'Request Theory'. Next, I questioned the Judgment of the Supreme Court dated Feb. 28, 1995 critically. Finally, I put forward a way to solve the problems of foreigner suffrage in municipalities. In conclusion, I justified why I think 'Prohibition Theory' is appropriate. Therefore, I think the problems with the naturalization of foreigners of permanent residence should be solved by the political consideration such as the amelioration of the condition for naturalization.

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1997年3月27日に札幌地方裁判所は, いわゆる「二風谷ダム事件判決」を下した。本稿はこの判決の要旨といくつかのコメントを英文で書いたものである。事件の概要そのものとそれに対するコメントは既にいくつか著されたものがある。ただ, 本稿は, 裁判所として, というより, むしろわが国の国家機関としては初めてアイヌ民族を先住民族として認めた点は他の多くの論評同様評価しつつも, 従来指摘されてこなかった次の3点についてコメントしている。第一は, 札幌地方裁判所が, 国際人権規約B規約27条が少数民族の固有の文化を享有する権利を保障しており, それゆえ, アイヌ民族に対してもそうであるとしつつ, 憲法98条2項を媒介として, 憲法13条においてアイヌ民族固有の文化享有権が保障されていると解釈した点について, そのような権利は13条だけでは導きだし難いのであって, 法の下の平等を定めた憲法14条とのかかわりを考慮する必要があるのではないかという点である。第二は, 主権の変遷と土地権の存在・消滅の関係及びそれとも関わる財産権の性質について再検討する必要があるのではないかという点である。

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