In the constituent Imperial Diet of 1946, Premier Yoshida explained that all war and all war potential including a war and war potential for self-defense were renounced on the Art. 9 of the draft of the Japanese Constitution. Japanese successive Cabinet has been adopting this interpretation on the Art. 9. Therefore, the present Cabinet also insists on the unconstitutionality of Execution of the right of collective self-defense. On the other hand, according to the interpretation of Kyoto school, as the Art. 9 renounces only a war as means of settling international disputes, by a general idea of international law, we can execute the right of collective self-defense. In this thesis, from a standpoint of Kyoto school, I advice change of the govermental interpretation on the Art. 9 of the Japanese Constitution.

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There is much argument as to whether "the right to self-determination" is one of the human rights which is guaranteed by the Japanese Constitution. Today, the views of the majority recognize the right to pursue happiness as to be the guarantee of "nonenumerated" human rights and "the right to self-determination" as included in the right to pursue to happiness. But, reviewing the controversy over "the right to self-determination", I must point out ambiguousness of the definition and contents of the right. In this paper, I will reexamine the controversy over the right to self-determination and suggest some questions about it.

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You can observe an universal-called it "internationalism"-in the Japanese Constitution. It was also found in the Imperial Constitution. In "The 17-Arts Law", enacted by the Holy Prince "Umayado" in 6th century, you will find the Tang-ism, which should be called the internationalism in ancient Japan. The next ancient law, "The Ritsu-Ryo" received the ideology of the Tang-ism with unchanged. So I study the internationalism as Japanese culture in the Constitution of Japan.

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Almost analysts consider that Manchurian incident was SINRYAKU (侵略=cruel aggression) of Japan which was caused by Kwantung Army's runaway. There have been few legal studies about Manchurian incident. Japan was blamed because he broke the Nine-Power Treaty, the Kellogg-Briand Pact, and the Convenant of the League. But Japan's act is not injustice in international law. Before Manchurian incident, the Republic of China could not rule Manchuria. The act of Kwantung army is naturally illicit. But eventually, it was evasion. We must analyze Manchurian incident not only by perspective of politics but also by perspective of international and domestic law.

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In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland sind die Mehrfachmandanten in den Aufsichtsraten von Konkurrenzunternehmen nicht selten. Es ist aber problematisch, z.B. ob das Aufsichtsratsmitglied einer Aktiengesellschaft an die Stelle des Aufsichtsratsmitgleids eines in Wettbewerb stehenden anderen Unternehmens treten kann. Dieses Thema ist in Jungster Zeit nicht nur in den Literaturen, sondern auch in der Politik stark diskutiert geworden. Unter diesen Umstanden hat SPD-Partei in 1995 einen Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Verbesserung von Transparenz und Beschrankung von Machtkonzentration in der deutschen Wirtschaft (sog. Transparenz-und Wettbewerbsgesetz) vorgelegt. In Jahre 1998 hat der Bundestag aber diesen Entwurf abgelehnt. In Zusammenhang GWB (Gesetz gegen Wettbewerbsbeschrankungen) scheint dieses Thema fur mich sehr interessant. In dieser Schrift sollte klargestellt werden, dass der Bundestag mit welchem Grunden den Entwurf abgelehnt hat. Anschliessend mochte ich die Moglichkeiten der Rechtsvergleichung mit japanischen Recht versuchen.

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Defender of the People (Defensor del Pueblo) under the Spanish Constitution of 1978 shows us one of the most recent models of the contemporary Ombudsman system. He/She plays not only the role of a traditional Commissioner of Parliament that supervises public administration, but also that of the protector of constitutional rights and freedoms. In addition, he/she serves as the prosecutor that denounces laws as unconstitutional before the Constitutional Court. This paper refers to the figure of the Defender in the context of the present system of protection of constitutional rights and freedoms, and analyzes what it means today.

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