A non-contact laser (tissue) blood flowmeter (LBF) which allows us to measure "tissue blood flow" (local blood flow in unit tissue volume) without contacting a probe with tissue was designed. The reflection from tissue surface deeply influences the measurement value obtained from an ordinary LBF when a probe is separated from the tissue becaus of its algorithm. The non-contact LBF utilizes the polarization of laser light to eliminate the reflection, and an electronic circuit to reduce artifacts caused by the change of the distance between the probe and the tissue sample being studied. The probe of the non-contact LBF consists of optical fibers and a special polarizer. The tissue being studied is illuminated by a linearly polarized light and the perpendicularly polarized light is detected. The non-contact LBF was compared with an ordinary LBF using a tissue blood flow model and human fingers. The results showed that the measurement value obtained by the non-contact LBF was not influenced by the reflecdtion from the surface of the model and was not much affected by the change of the distance between the probe and the model. The recordings of digital blood flow changes obtained by the non-contact LBF agreed very well with those of the ordinary LBF.

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The origin of endoscopy is the speculums in Greek time which are seen among the remains of Pompeij. However no improvement was introduced on it until the 17 th century.The idea of observing inside of the living body started when revolutionary thought on diseases was establised by T. Sydenaham, G. B. Morgani and so on. In 1807P. B. Bozzini disclosed an instrument named as 'Lichtleiter' which served for illumination of human cavity. However his attempt was stopped by authorities as a magical lump. In 1856 A. J. Desormeaux made a sophisticated instrument for observation of the urinary tract and named it as 'endoscope'.In 1868 A. Kussmaul had succeeded to peep inside of the stomach of a sword-swallower with a metal tube utilizing Desormeaux's light source. In 1876 M. Nitze made a modern cystoscope and Edison's electric lamp in 1886 made it possible to manufacture various practical models of endoscpe including a gastroscope. The flexible gastroscope invented by R. Schidler in 1932 open a new area in gastric endoscopy. The flexible gastroscope was introduced into Japan soon and improvements was made on it by S. Kirihara and M. Takei.

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Since the 12 th century, many suturing devices have been developed in Europe. After 1958,Mine, Androsov and Ravitch have contributed to the development of new stapling surgery with auto suture devices in cancer of the esophagus, stomach, and rectum etc., respectively. In 1972,author developed a new model auto suture with curved shaft and exchangeable round scarpel as deviced PKS-25.The purpose of present study is to clarify the significance of those suturing devices in the past in relation to the development of medical standard at each individual era. Historical background were divided into four stages. 1. groping stage (12-19 th century), 2.development stage (19-20 th century), 3. practical B-shaped stapler application stage (20 th century), 4. disporsable stage (1980-).Evaluation of recent stapling surgery are placed on; 1. production of surplus operative time due to auto sutures was redistributed to further lymph nodes dissection in malignant diseases.2. "Double stapling technique" is neary established in contaminated operation like rectal surgery.3. previous bleeding at anastomotic site as a complication of stapling surgery is now excluded since percentage incidence of bleeding was only 0.17% among 1. 772 cases by author's survey in 1984.4. inversion anastomosis was approved to be as safty method of choice against eversion or layer to layer method since percentage indidece of both anastomotic leakage and stenosis in 1992 were reduced to 6.0% and 3.9% among 3. 634 stapled cases from comparable 7.5% and 4.5% amonog 2. 036 stapled cases in 1984,respectivery.These results suggest that the development of absorbable circular staple is highly expected to satisfy both preventing anastomotic leakage and inconsistent anastomotic stenosis.

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