This paper explores the theatrical theory of the German poet and playwright Friedrich Schiller, with the objective of demonstrating the ideological shifts that occurred between his 1782 work “On contemporary German theatre (Original title : Über das gegenwärtige teutsch Theater)”and his 1784 essay “The Theater viewed as a moral institution (Original title : Die Schaubühne als eine moralische Anstalt betrachtet)”. In comparing the rationale behind the existence of the theatrical stage in Japan and Germany, Ryozo Niizeki (新関良三) offers the example of Schiller's theatrical theory, which posits that the theatrical stage should serve as an institution of moral education. However, in this paper found that Schiller's theatrical theory was limited to his time as a resident writer at the Mannheim Theater, furthermore, his theory was typical of the theatrical theories of G.E. Lessing and J.G. Sulzer that influenced him, and that in two years he moved from Rousseauism to anti-Rousseauism.

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This paper explores the concept of the “king” as potrayed in the protagonists of manga, anime, and other narratives, including their novel adaptations and novelizations, within contemporary Japanese popular culture. This king is not the modern monarch who has largely lost sovereign authority but a figure depicted as an embodying human ideals with superhuman powers-sometimes akin to a god-frequently created in the popular culture we consume daily. This paper examines the nature of protagonists who become kings in these stories, the process of their transformation into heroes and kings, and the role of the king in society and the world, ultimately seeking uncover what the notion of a king represents to people today.

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In this study, the author attempted to measure the characteristics of a region below room temperature by utilizing the endothermic action of a Peltier device. The study was conducted as part of experimental work to estimate the energy band gap of silicon materials by measuring the voltage-current characteristics of diodes considering temperature as a parameter. A Peltier Device was used in the experiment with temperatures ranging from room temperature to low temperature. From the experimental results, the energy gap of the silicon material was estimated to be approximately 1 eV.

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