放送局におけるコンピュータ技術の利用は, コンピュータ技術の進展と共に増大しており, 局内設備は専用機器によるハードウェア処理から汎用機器によるソフトウェア処理にシフトしつつある.本稿では, バーチャルスタジオ, ノンリニア編集機を初めとしたコンピュータ技術応用機器の導入状況と問題点, 今後の動向, 局内インタフェースの考え方について述べる.

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A new electron gun with a multi astigmatism lens system (MALS) for 41 cm (17 inch) color display tubes has been developed that improves the uniformity of resolution over the entire screen. The features of this lens system are three static astigmatism lenses (G 1, G 2 and a main lens) and two dynamic astigmatism lenses (G 3 and G 5). At the screen corner, the static astigmatism lenses cancel the deflection defocusing. At the screen center, the dynamic astigmatism lenses cancel the effect of the above static astigmatism lenses. As a result, the vertical and horizontal ratio (Sv : Sh) of the spot size has been improved from 1 : 2 to 1 : 1.3, and the horizontal spot size has been improved by 25% at the screen corner. Moreover, by using an electric feature that makes the dynamic focus voltage and static focus voltage equal at the screen corner, scattering of the beam spot size at the screen corner was reduced.

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A low-voltage field emission display (FED) was developed using the Spindt-type emitter as the cathode, the anode of which is driven at around 400 V. Forming the focusing electric field by switching the anode and gate electrodes, the new driving system eliminates crosstalk caused by dispersing electrons. A 12 cm-diagonal, 1/4 VGAs full-color FED was fabricated for the evaluation purpose. The result of the evaluation indicated the effectiveness of the obtained focusing property for the driving system of a full-color FED.

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We have studied by computer simulation the electro-optical properties of a single-polarizer reflective TN-LCD (R-TN LCD) that combines a reflector and pixel electrodes. We found that R-TN LCD provided a high-brightness, high-contrast and achromatic display by optimization of cell parameters when a retardation film was applied between the polarizer and the LC cell. With these optimized conditions, we have fabricated 24-cm (9.5-in.) -diagonal VGA monochrome and 512-color R-TN LCDs. We achieved a reflectance of monochrome and color-R-TN LCD of more than 180 and 90% respectively within ±15 degree of the detector angle, with peak reflectance comparable with the standard white (BaSO₄), the maximum contrast ratio of both is 6 : 1. These values are acceptable for reflective LCDs.

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We have improved our original image-splitter technology and developed new higher-performance autostereoscopic displays. The image-splitter is set between the LC panel and the backlight. In this new type, the backlight side of the image-splitter is made of reflective material and makes the lighting efficiency about 1.4 times that of the parallax barrier. Next we have developed a double image-splitter technology in which an image-splitter is set on each side of the LC panel. And by optimizing the arerture ratio of the image-splitters, we were able to create a moire-less autostereoscopic display and a autospereoscopic display with minimal crosstalk. These new autostereoscopic displays satisfy the demanding requirements of entertainment and medical use and will be suitable for many new applications.

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This paper describes a case study on software aid for assembling multiple virtual objects. We first propose two manipulation supporting methods : “discrete placement constraints” and “collision avoidance” and then evaluate the effectiveness of these methods in cooperative virtual objects assembly. We next investigate the combination of these methods through an empirical study for obtaining an optimal combination. Experimental results show that our method is efficient in both decreasing the time required for object assembly and improving the sensation of actually manipulating the objects.

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In this paper, we present a system for composition of real moving images taken with a video camera and CG images. In general, we will encounter two major questions when we try to generate high-quality composite images. The first question is how exactly we can acquire the coordinates of the feature points in the image, as these coordinates are needed to estimate the geometrical relationship between the real world and the CG world. To cope with this problem, in the proposed system, we employ our previously presented method for the acquisition of high-resolution images, in order to accurately estimate the coordinates of image feature points with subpixel accuracy. The second question is how easily we can generate composite images with a standard video camera such as handy TV camera for home use. To solve this problem, we devised a camera calibration method that requires only four image feature points on a plane surface. Furthermore, experimental simulations demonstrated the successful generation of a composite image sequence composed of more than 100 frames with the proposed method.

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The shape from shading, originally proposed by Horn, is well known as a method for reconstructing curved surfaces by means a single picture.However, some problems involved with this method remain to be investigated for its practical application. They include the complexity of determining a reconstruction pass and the sensitivity to noise. To cope with these problems, this paper proposes, simplified algorithm based on isodensity lines in the image plane and a gradient space to extract the reconstruction pass. In the proposed method, the reconstruction passes can be obtained without solving complex differential equations. A computer simulation was been carried out by using two virtual objects and two real images. Judging from the experimental results, the prospects of using this method for practical applications are very encouraging.

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It was clarified that the dynamics of saccades changes under different visual stimuli and instruction conditions. The following four types of experimental conditions were applied to four young adults : (1) Reading Japanese sentences. (2) Reading symbolic lines. (3) Slowly looking at small separated dots one after another. (4) Quickly looking at small separated dots one after another. The peak velocity was in the order of (2) < (1) < (3) < (4). The duration showed the reverse order : (4) < (3) < (1) < (2). The reasons for the modifications of saccadic dynamics were explained by visual attention mechanism and vigilance.

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