映像情報メディア学会誌
Online ISSN : 1881-6908
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62 巻, 11 号
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論文特集　画像処理・符号化とアプリケーション
特集論文
  • 複素アダマール変換を用いた擬似計算機ホログラムの合成とディザ画像への埋込みの応用
    田中 賢一, 藤田 泰仁, 磯井 亮太
    2008 年 62 巻 11 号 p. 1746-1761
    発行日: 2008/11/01
    公開日: 2010/05/01
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.62.1746
    ジャーナル フリー
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    A computer-generated pseudo hologram was synthesized using the complex Hadamard transform instead of the Fourier transform used to synthesize a computer-generated hologram. As a result, an image was reconsurcted through ae simulation, and a result that was similar result that from to the Fourier transform was obtained for the binary phase quantization, although a physical image (optical reconstructed image) was obtained. In addition, we propose the application of computer-generated pseudo holograms, which are used to hide the confidential information in a dither image. The strength of a StirmMark attack on a dithered image embedded with computer-generated pseudo holograms is weaker than the results of that using the Fourier transform hologram. It was previously reported that there was the possibility of the use of the computer generated holograms for information security.
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  • 適応的画像方向反転を利用したH.264/AVC拡張符号化方式
    村上 智一, 軽部 勲, 伊藤 浩朗, 高橋 昌史
    2008 年 62 巻 11 号 p. 1762-1767
    発行日: 2008/11/01
    公開日: 2010/05/01
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.62.1762
    ジャーナル フリー
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    We have developed a new video coding method called adaptive picture direction inversion coding (APDIC) that improves coding efficiency by utilizing the dependency of the spatial direction of images in intra/inter coding. This method involves inverting the direction of input pictures horizontally and/or vertically, and then selecting the best pattern by using a rate-distortion optimization method. Decoders can identify the selected inverting pattern by using an "invert flag" in the bitstream so that they can decode the sequence in the right position. We implemented APDIC into a H.264/AVC based video encoder. The experimental results show that the bitrate obtained using this method is reduced by up to 4.3% for natural image sequences and 7.6% for the most typical artificial images.
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  • DCTによる次元圧縮と事例選択を用いたビデオ超解像アルゴリズムの高速化
    渡邊 清高, 岩井 儀雄, 羽下 哲司, 谷内田 正彦
    2008 年 62 巻 11 号 p. 1768-1776
    発行日: 2008/11/01
    公開日: 2010/05/01
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.62.1768
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    In learning-based super-resolution algorithms, there are two major problems. One is that they require a large amount of memory to store examples; the other is the high computational cost of finding the nearest neighbors in the database. We have developed a novel learning-based video super-resolution algorithm with less memory requirements and computational cost. To this end, we adopted discrete cosine transform coefficients for feature vector components. Moreover, we designed an example selection procedure to construct a compact database. We conducted evaluative experiments using MPEG test sequences and real images to synthesize a high-resolution video. Experimental results show that our method improves the effectiveness of super-resolution algorithms, while preserving the quality of synthesized images.
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  • 高精度動き補償予測を組込んだノイズリデューサ
    阿知葉 征彦, 竹前 晴彦, 陳 韓
    2008 年 62 巻 11 号 p. 1777-1784
    発行日: 2008/11/01
    公開日: 2010/05/01
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.62.1777
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    This paper proposes a new noise reducer for motion pictures. The current noise reducers generate afterimages in moving areas. Therefore, they are of insufficient quality. We have developed a new noise reducer that adds a precise motion compensation circuit to an existing noise reducer. The new noise reducer does not generate afterimages in the moving area. As a result, better noise reducing characteristics are acquired and, thus, higher quality motion pictures are obtained.
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  • 主観評価値の最大化に基づく動画像の時空間レート制御とその符号化への応用
    吉田 俊之, 山形 純一, 田中 伸一
    2008 年 62 巻 11 号 p. 1785-1793
    発行日: 2008/11/01
    公開日: 2010/05/01
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.62.1785
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    Since the bandwidth required for real-time video communication cannot always be available on a network, the number of frames per second and the average bit amount for a single frame should be controlled suitably to obtain the highest possible video quality in a restricted bandwidth. To alleviate the problem, the authors have developed a spatio-temporal rate control technique that maximizes an estimation of MOS. From a practical point of view, however, this approach offers little freedom in coding-parameter tuning and in the frame rate control. Although improved techniques have been presented for these difficulties, a detailed encoding algorithm under the spatio-temporal rate control has not been investigated. This paper thus proposes a novel spatio-temporal rate control and video coding techniques based on our MOS estimation and frame rate control techniques, and it shows their validity and effectiveness. Some applications of the proposed technique are also discussed. We have determined that 75% of videos encoded by the proposed technique give almost equal or better subjective quality compared with the conventional fixed-frame-rate approach.
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  • カメラシステムにおける複合ぼやけ補正手法の検討
    上村 健二, 橋本 賢介, 伊東 ひとみ, 津村 徳道, 中口 俊哉, 三宅 洋一
    2008 年 62 巻 11 号 p. 1794-1800
    発行日: 2008/11/01
    公開日: 2010/05/01
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.62.1794
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    Many image processing methods have been developed for clearing up a blurred image. However, they cannot process an image that contains multiple kinds of blurs (e.g. camera shake, motion blur, out of focus, etc.), or what is called a combined blur image. Therefore, we propose a method for deblurring a combined blur image that contains two kinds of blurs, a system point spread function (PSF) and camera shakes. In addition, we take into account image enhancements, such as edge reinforcement and gamma correction, which is usually contained in images taken with consumer cameras, and that is not considered in conventional methods. The results show our method improved the deblurring performance for combined blur images.
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  • ローカルエリアテレビ会議ネットワークにおける遅延予測モデル
    三浦 康之, 勝本 道哲
    2008 年 62 巻 11 号 p. 1801-1809
    発行日: 2008/11/01
    公開日: 2010/05/01
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.62.1801
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    The communication environment is diverse. Therefore, we proposed a VOP decision-making algorithm, which can be used to adaptively select an arrangement of VOPs (Video Object Planes). This algorithm properly encodes movies depending on the power of the CPU. However, it is difficult to estimate the transmission latency when a movie is streamed in real-time. We estimate the time cost of transmitting when sending/receiving MPEG-4 objects in a one-to-one MPEG communication environment. Our results show that our method can be used to accurately estimate encoding and decoding latency.
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  • Colorizationを用いた画像圧縮符号化のための色指定情報抽出法
    宮田 高道, 小宮山 裕樹, 稲積 泰宏, 八島 由幸, 酒井 善則
    2008 年 62 巻 11 号 p. 1810-1818
    発行日: 2008/11/01
    公開日: 2010/05/01
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.62.1810
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    Novel image compression approaches that use a process called colorization, which is a method for adding color to a monochrome image, has recently been proposed. Almost all the proposed methods represent color information by using a set of color points. However, in an area with flat chrominance and variant luminance, we need redundant points to correctly decode color. We propose a color information extraction method that represents color information as a set of color lines. To effectively extract lines from an input image, color clustering and tentative color information have been introduced. The experimental results show that our proposed method allows us to drastically suppress the color information compared to existing colorization-based coding and conventional JPEG compression.
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  • イントラ符号化されたMPEG-2プログレッシブ映像のH.264再符号化方法の検討
    吉留 健, 長沼 次郎, 八島 由幸
    2008 年 62 巻 11 号 p. 1819-1824
    発行日: 2008/11/01
    公開日: 2010/05/01
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.62.1819
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    An MPEG-2 to H.264 intra transcoding method for progressive contents has been developed. This method uses the encoding information from the MPEG-2 stream and keeps as many DCT coefficients of the original MPEG-2 bitstream as possible. Experimental results show that the proposed method improves about 0.53-1.80 dB in PSNR compared with the conventional method.
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  • 撮影条件の違いに対応可能なまばたき検出を利用したベストショット画像の自動生成
    尾崎 勇也, 今井 順一, 金子 正秀
    2008 年 62 巻 11 号 p. 1825-1832
    発行日: 2008/11/01
    公開日: 2010/05/01
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.62.1825
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    Photographs often have some people with closed eyes. A method to automatically output a best shot image in which all photographed members have open eyes is proposed. First a series of photographs (here 6 frames) is taken by using the continuous release function in commercial digital cameras. Blinking by each person is checked in each frame, and a frame in which all members have open eyes is selected. Blinking detection is carried out by calculating the normalized correlation between a 30 × 7 pixels open eyes template and input frames of reduced size. For a case where no frame exists in which all members have open eyes, the closed eye image is replaced by an open eye image obtained in a different frame. Experimental results for 18 photographs taken under various shooting conditions show the usefulness of the proposed method for automatically outputting a best shot image.
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特集研究速報
  • エントロピー均等化によるパノラマ画像の横幅縮小
    松島 祐輔, 井上 光平, 浦浜 喜一
    2008 年 62 巻 11 号 p. 1833-1835
    発行日: 2008/11/01
    公開日: 2010/11/01
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.62.1833
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    We describe a method for reducing the width of panoramic images with high aspect ratios on the basis of the entropy in local color histograms computed for each column in the images. We equalize the entropy for the width of a panoramic image, thereby widening the regions that have high entropy values and narrowing the regions that have low entropy values. Our experimental results show that this method can reduce the width of panoramic images more effectively and more quickly than the seam carving method presented by Avidan et al.
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  • インターネット共有画像を利用した事例ベース超解像画像処理
    近藤 敏志, ハニア タイパルス, 遠間 正真, 青木 孝文
    2008 年 62 巻 11 号 p. 1836-1839
    発行日: 2008/11/01
    公開日: 2010/11/01
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.62.1836
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    Example-based super-resolution is an image interpolation algorithm that uses a database of training images to create plausible high-frequency details in zoomed images. The algorithm is fairly simple; however its performance heavily depends on the database. In particular, when the characteristics of a target image to be magnified are different from the training images, the quality of the super-resolved image degrades. By creating a database consisting of a few training images that closely resemble the target image, we have solved the above problem and improved the performance of example-based super-resolution. This is done by transforming selected images which are downloaded from Internet photo sharing sites, to match their characteristics with those of the target image before adding them to the database. The advantage of this method is that by skillfully creating a database of suitable training images, we are able to improve the quality of the super-resolved image.
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  • ブロック適応予測を用いたBayer配列カラー静止画像の可逆符号化
    阿部 利之, 松田 一朗, 伊東 晋
    2008 年 62 巻 11 号 p. 1840-1843
    発行日: 2008/11/01
    公開日: 2010/11/01
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.62.1840
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    A novel lossless coding scheme for images captured with the Bayer color filter array (CFA), which is widely employed for color digital cameras having a single image sensor, is proposed. The scheme uses a block-adaptive prediction method to exploit spatial and spectral correlations in local areas containing different color signals. To allow adaptive prediction suitable for the respective color signals, four kinds of liner predictors that correspond to 2 × 2 samples of the Bayer CFA are simultaneously switched block-by-block. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme attains 9--15% better coding efficiency than the JPEG 2000-based lossless coding scheme.
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論文
  • 解像度変換光学系を用いたホログラムの共役像除去
    林 勇樹, 高木 康博
    2008 年 62 巻 11 号 p. 1852-1857
    発行日: 2008/11/01
    公開日: 2010/11/01
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.62.1852
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    We have already proposed a resolution redistribution optical system, which alters the ratio of the horizontal and vertical resolutions of an SLM. Using this technique increases the horizontal resolution by K times and decreases the vertical resolution by 1/K times so the horizontal viewing angle becomes approximately K times larger when our technique is used for displaying holograms. However, a conjugate image appeared. In our work, the resolution redistribution technique was improved and, thus this image is eliminated. Thus, our technique can be used to generate only an object wave. The horizontal resolution becomes K times larger and the vertical resolution becomes 1/2K times smaller. We demonstrated a fourfold enlargement of the horizontal resolution, which increased the horizontal viewing angle to 15° without generating any conjugate image.
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  • 実雑音の分析に基づいた画質保存型メディアンフィルタ
    朴 セム, 堀内 隆彦, 富永 昌治
    2008 年 62 巻 11 号 p. 1858-1865
    発行日: 2008/11/01
    公開日: 2010/11/01
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.62.1858
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    Well-known denoising methods using a median filter can restore images corrupted by random-valued impulse noise. However, because such filters treat all pixels in an image the same, they often modify pixel values that are not contaminated by noise. We describe a new adaptive median filter that analyzes actual noise. Our algorithm can detect a noise component based on the noise characteristics and replace the component with an appropriate signal component. The effectiveness of our algorithm was demonstrated in experiments using actual natural images including real noise.
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  • 部分映像挿入による時間軸上の映像補完
    庄司 竜太, 新田 直子, 馬場口 登
    専門分野: 情報センシング
    2008 年 62 巻 11 号 p. 1866-1873
    発行日: 2008/11/01
    公開日: 2010/11/01
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.62.1866
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    When a scene is recorded with a camcorder, there may be disruptions such as object interference or battery exhaustion resulting in missing segments in the recorded video. A temporal video completion method that inserts a video segment captured by another camera in the place of such a faulty segment is proposed. In the proposed method, a user initially uses an interface to select both faulty and preferred segments from videos captured by two different cameras. To minimize the visual difference at the transition points between the two videos, the most similar frames to those previous to and following the faulty segment are detected around both ends of the preferred segment as the start and the end frames of the inserted segment. Note that, in order to prevent artifacts as much as possible, the length of the inserted segment can be different from the length of the faulty segment. Visually plausible video completion is then achieved by smoothing the motion and color gaps between the transition frames and completing the missing regions by using spatio-temporal features of the video. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the visual plausibility of the completed videos by changing the distance between the camera and the recorded target or between two cameras.

    お詫びと訂正：10月号掲載論文（Vol.62, No.10, pp.1633～1640）の1638頁のカラー写真をモノクロで掲載しておりました。ここにお詫びして、訂正版を再掲いたします。
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フィールド論文
  • Regional Development Through Establishing Autonomy in China and Japan
    Feng Liu, Makoto Hirano, Tomohiro Kubo, Peiqian Liu, Junhong Zhang
    2008 年 62 巻 11 号 p. 1844-1851
    発行日: 2008/11/01
    公開日: 2010/11/01
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.62.1844
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    Regional disparity has become a major problem in both China and Japan. Governments are emphasizing developing rural areas (Japan: depopulation region) to decrease the economic gap they have with major urban centers. This paper compares two successful cases in each country and identifies a sustainable development approach to establishing local autonomy to develop business and/or industry. The factors of success in these two cases were analyzed, and some implications and insights were clarified. Local specialties should be taken into account, and adopting a suitable strategy and establishing autonomy for the local people is a realistic and effective approach to developing the socio-economy of regional areas and to narrowing the disparity. During this development, a wise leader or a team of leaders is essential, and this leader (s) also must have open communication with the local community.
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