A design coefficient that secures the safety of the wooden shoring system for construction loads is investigated. The effects of different ways of working and variations of material quality are considered in this research. The design coefficient is based on statistics concerning various situations. Random selection and finite difference are both used in the analysis for the buckling load of wooden shoring. The parameters are non-uniformed section, Young's modulus, and arbitrary loading distributions during construction. The design coefficient serves as a reasonable safety factor for wooden shoring design when compared with experimental data.

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The purpose of this study is to explore the use of crushed waste glass as an aggregate in unsaturated polyester (UP) mortar. The unsaturated polyester mortars using crushed waste glass are prepared with three types of fillers, UP-fine aggregate ratios and crushed waste glass replacements for fine aggregate, and tested for weight change, strengths, setting shrinkage and acid resistance. From the test results, the strengths and acid resistance of UP mortars are improved with an increase in the waste glass replacement for fine aggregate. The setting shrinkage of UP mortars has a minimum value of 21.25x10^-4 at CWG replacement of 50% for fine aggregate. It is reduced by a factor of two or more compared with 0%. In this study, a UP mortar with fly ash as a filler, a UP-fine aggregate ratio of 15% and a waste glass replacement of 50% for fine aggregate is selected as an optimal mix proportion of UP mortar using crushed waste glass. This is enough to assure the use of the crushed waste glass as an aggregate for the production of UP mortar.

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In the present study, in order to include the random variables with an unknown cumulative distribution function (CDF) into Monte-Carlo Simulation, an inverse normal transformation is suggested. The random variables with an unknown CDF are expressed as a simple function of a standard normal random variable, and the function is determined using the first few statistical moments which are generally available from the statistical data of the random variables. Using the proposed method, the random numbers of random variables with an unknown CDF can be easily generated utilizing those of a standard normal random variable, which is generally considered to be quite easily generated. Some examples are presented from which the efficiency of the method is investigated. It is found that although the method is quite simple, it is accurate enough to includethe random variables with unknown CDF in the Monte-Carlo Simulation for structural reliability.

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During the 1995 Kobe earthquake, dozens of concrete buildings suffered complete collapse at an interme-diate story. Such collapse is believed to have occurred due to the gravity load collapse following shear failure of Steel Reinforced Concrete (SRC) or Reinforced Concrete (RC) columns at a certain intermediate story. To study this collapse tests of RC column specimens were conducted. Test parameters were axial load and loading history. The tests have revealed that: 1) collapse occurs when shear force decreases to about zero, 2) axial load level is decisive for the collapse behavior, 3) loading history occasionally has a significant effect on the collapse behavior including a failure mode, and 4) a change in vertical deformation increment vs. lateral drift increment relations until collapse can be explained by the flow rule in plastic theory considering reduced failure surface.

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A new type of passive controlled RC shear wall, called dual function slitted shear wall (DFW wall), was proposed by the first author. DFW wall is formed by setting connectors in the vertical slits of RC slitted wall. DFW wall can provide greater stiffness and strength than RC slitted wall during small and moderate earthquakes, and performs a ductile flexure failure as RC slitted wall with the failure of connectors during severe earthquakes. Experimental studies to investigate the seismic behavior of DFW wall, including seven wall specimens and thirteen connector specimens, were introduced first in this paper. An analytical model was then proposed to calculate the full skeleton load-displacement relation for DFW wall. The analysis results were found to agree well with test ones. A dual seismic structural model was used to study the dynamic response of DFW wall using the time history analysis method. Experimental research and analysis demonstrated the dual control functions, and showed that DFW wall has better seismic performance than the corresponding slitted shear wall.

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The strength and rigidity of wide flange beam to rectangular tube column joints are reduced significantly if the connections are not reinforced. However, the reinforcement for the connections can be complex and increase the fabrication costs significantly because the tube columns are closed sections. This paper describes the force transfer mechanism and the cyclic performance of wide flange beam to concrete-filled rectangular tube column joints reinforced with stiffening plates. The first phase of this research program was to assess the force transfer mechanism at the joint using an analytical yield line method. An experimental program was conducted to verify the proposed model. The test results showed that the derived nominal strength equation provided a reasonable prediction. The second phase of the research program was to assess the cyclic performance of the joints by full-scale joint subassemblage tests. A total of five specimens were tested under cyclic loading. Test results showed that plastic rotation of 0.02 radian which is required for Intermediate Moment Resisting Frames could be obtained.

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The severe shortage of available sites in highly developed metropolitan areas in Korea necessitates the construction of high-rise buildings which meet the needs of residence and commercial activity simultane-ously. These buildings are constructed, in general, using the bearing-wall system for the upper apartments and the frame system for the lower commercial space. The objective of this study is to investigate the seismic performance of this type of building structure. For this purpose, a 1:12 scale 17-story reinforced concrete model structure was constructed according to the similitude law, in which the upper 15 stories have a bearing-wall system while the lower 2 stories consist of a moment-resisting frame system. This model was then subjected to a series of excitations which simulated the Taft N21E accelerogram, whose peak ground acceleration (PGA) was modified to be 0.11g, 0.22g, 0.3g, 0.4g, 0.6g, and 0.8g, respectively. Test results show that the piloti stories experience the shear and overturning deformation simultaneously and that the axial force in the column due to overturning moment can be reasonably predicted by using the UBC-97 load combination while the shear resistance of the column can vary dramatically with variations of the axial forces.

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Shaking table model tests on dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) system are described in this paper. In the design and manufacture of the test modals, the similitude formulas and similitude factors of all physical quantities are studied. Through controlling the ratio between diameter of the container and plan size of the structure, a flexible container is designed and manufactured in order to minimize the box effect resulting from the boundary conditions. The simulation design of the soil boundary is proved to be extremely effective in the present SSI tests. Nine specimens including five pile foundations, three box foundations and one fixed base are designed and made. A single column with mass block at its top and 12-story cast-in-place R.C. frame model are used as superstructure, and Shanghai soft soil is employed as the model soil. Finally, some important findings from the present tests are concluded.

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This paper deals with the vertical behavior of a single model pile in sand in a pressurizing soil tank until the pile-soil system reaches an ultimate state, and presents the comparisons between the results of tests and the elasto-plastic analysis that was proposed by one of the authors. The analysis was based on the finite element method taking account of the elasto-plastic state corresponding to generalized strain in soil elements. On the other hand, the vertical loading tests were performed for three types of the pile model; the pile tip model subjected only to the bearing resistance at pile tip, the pile shaft model subjected only to skin friction and the entire pile model subjected to both types of resistance. As a result, it is found that prediction by the analysis is in fairly good agreement with the results of the tests.

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The traditional thermal response factor method for load calculation employs invariable time-step. To ensure accuracy with the less possible computing quantity, the method with variable time steps is expected to deal with the complicated dynamic thermal loads of buildings. In this paper, the traditional method of excitation disintegration is analyzed first because the time step is initially fixed here. Two new functions for excitation disintegration are presented, namely the step function and the ramp-step function. Based on the new excitation method, a novel thermal response factor method with variable time steps is developed. In an example, the thermal response to a sine-wave input is evaluated by the traditional and present methods. It illustrates that about 36% computing quantity is decreased with the new method at the same precision.

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YaoDong dwellings are distributed widely throughout the loess plateau in the north of China, and have many positive characteristics, such as good use of land, low cost, low impact on the environ-ment, and a comfortable thermal environment. The aim of this study is to ascertain to what extent the indoor climate of YaoDong is a natural one regarding building design as a sustainable architecture. The authors carried out a survey in Zaoyuan village of Yan’an city in August 1999. They collected basic data regarding the natural conditions of the site, climate condition of the Yan’an area, and the thermal environment of YaoDong dwellings. The authors found that YaoDong had excellent charac-teristics regarding the thermal environment in the summer.

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This paper investigates the effects of airflow patterns and airflow rates on thermal behavior of a ventilated courtyard building in a warm humid climate. With some airflow patterns indoor air temperature can be brought to a level below the ambient, while with others the indoor air temperature may be higher than the ambient. The integration of a courtyard in the building design can optimize indoor airflow and is of significant importance with regard to the indoor thermal environment provided the courtyard maintains correct contacts with the outdoor environment. The current paper explores airflow patterns and airflow rates in a modern tropical courtyard house in respect to corresponding indoor thermal modifications. A thermal investigation was carried out on the site by manually changing the composition of airflow inlets (openings) found in the building envelope. From the results it is observed that the different airflow patterns affected different thermal environments and sometimes a cool condition within the courtyard and in the surrounding indoor spaces. Relatively low indoor air temperature was observed with a particular air movement pattern created through the openings found on a longitudinal horizontal axis through the courtyard. The temperature was below the ambient by 1.3 degree C with an airflow range of 1.5 to 2.0 air changes h^-1.

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China is undergoing rapid economic development, and experiencing increased energy consumption. An accurate prediction of residential energy demand is beneficial to both energy supply decision-making at the local level and energy policy makers at the national level. It provides the most likely trend of residential energy demand in the specified areas and how the trend may be controlled by technologies and policies. Complexity and difficulty exist regarding the forecasting of energy demand because there are too many variables and uncertainties that may have significant impact, and also because essential historical data regarding residential energy consumption is in most cases inadequate. Unlike most existing models, we have developed a multiple-level forecasting model, with a focus on the impacts of technologies. Essentially, there are four levels in this forecasting system: the household model, community model, city model, and national model. Each level of the model has its own focused variables so that other variables can be isolated to reduce the complexity and difficulty of model implementation. This paper outlines the framework of this forecasting model and details the two lowest levels: household and community level models.

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The objective of this study is to improve the control performance of the radiant floor heating system in apart-ment buildings. For this, predictive control, which is simple and also compatible with the existing system, is suggested, and its performance is evaluated. The control system of radiant floor heating should be easily adapted to thermal mass characteristics and building load variations without complication in real application. In this study, predictive control using the ANN (Artificial Neural Network) model is proposed and the possibility of this predictive control is investigated through experimental research. The results show that the performance of this predictive control is better than that of the current 2-position on/off control. Through the dynamic simulation analysis of the thermal mass model using a computer for the multi zones of a real apartment building, the adaptability of the predictive control to several load variations and thermal characteristics is evaluated.

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In recent years, residential houses have become more airtight and better insulated, and some, along with the IT revolution have been equipped with SOHO applications. This leads to a decrease in the heating load, while increasing electricity consumption in the daytime. On the other hand, electricity demand has increased in the summer, while the load rate of equipment in electricity plants has been decreased. Here a new thermal storage air conditioning system, using direct heat exchange, is proposed for a residential house, while its possibility and availability have been studied according to the prediction of energy consumption, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the thermal storage system for residential houses.

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This paper reports the investigation results of the dynamic response property in a big and high air-conditioned space using numerical simulation and experiment. The space is 30m×30m×20m (length × width × height), whose air temperature is kept constant. The best air distribution mode is obtained by steady state numerical analyses. The time lag, time constant and scale factor of the air-conditioned space of normal air supply and heat source variation are investigated by detailed 3-D transient state numerical analyses. Finally the results of the numerical analyses are verified by experiments with good agreement.

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This paper deals with the space heating and indoor thermal environment of residential buildings in three large cities in China; Shanghai, Beijing and Harbin. The investigation was carried out for 240 houses during the winter from 1998 to 2000 by means of questionnaire and liquid crystal thermometers. Also, the temperature and humidity of 20 houses were measured by small data loggers with temperature and humidity sensors. The findings are as follows: 1) In Shanghai, air conditioning units are popularly used for space heating in 45% of houses. One or two rooms of the house are heated for only about 4 hours in the evening. The indoor temperature of the houses is around 15°C and is stable during the measurement period due to the thermal capacity of the concrete structure. The occupants wore relatively heavy clothes in the low temperature indoor environment. 2) In Beijing, central space heating is popular and all rooms are heated throughout the entire day. The room temperature is around 20°C. 3) In Harbin, the heating system is not operated all day long in some cases although central space heating is popular. The indoor temperature of these apartments is 5°C lower than others that are heated all day.

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Exergy is another name for available energy that measures the ability of the energy source to produce useful work. This article provides an analytical review of some pertinent works in HVAC application. Some general conclusions can be obtained. Exergy efficiency is more rational than energy efficiency; exergy analysis is more helpful than energy analysis for locating and evaluating available energy saving potentials, identifying opportunities for improvements in system design and establishing cost effective system mainte-nance programs. In addition, an unusual selection of dead-states novel to HVAC applications is suggested, which simplifies the exergy analysis by eliminating the necessity of calculating the exergy of water at ambient temperature (T₀). Such a selection will also make it easier to evaluate the precooling capacity of moist air. In this paper, the authors also suggest a functional classification to break down the HVAC project in a hierarchical structure for exergy analysis. The HVAC system is considered as an exergy service system that provides exergy for pure consumption in exergy consumer systems such as conditioning space. The exergy service system can be further broken down into different components. The exergy flows are also classified according to their functions as source exergy flow and service exergy flow to assist the evaluation of the performance of the systems or components. Relevant principles of exergy analysis are discussed. Finally, examples are calculated to demonstrate the application and the reasonability of the above proposi-tions.

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The main purpose of the present work is to acquire further insight into the procedure of heat and mass transfer between sprayed water droplets and air stream in a direct evaporative air cooler used in air-conditioning systems in textile mills. The thermodynamic models of the two-phase flow in such an air treatment system have been developed for both the one row parallel flow spray and one row counter flow spray. The fields of temperature and relative humidity in the spray chamber have been obtained by calcula-tion. A series of experiments aimed at quantifying the system performance and its influence factors have been conducted. This indicates that the increases of air velocity and water/air ratio, together with the decrease of nozzle density are favorable. Comparison of these two different spray types have been carried out by means of humidity efficiency. Finally, numerical calculations have been compared with experimental results. Satisfactory agreements have been found regarding outlet air temperature while a maximum error of 10% has been observed regarding relative air humidity.

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In this paper, we tried to investigate the situation of the energy consumption increase and its influence on the environment as a result of the economic development of Shanghai. The increase of energy consumption associated with mass production and mass consumption in order to improve the quality of human life is inevitable. But we have to exert the power to change the energy structure and improve the exhaust processing in order to conserve the environment. Observing the characteristics of energy consumption in Shanghai, the air pollution problem is caused mainly by the burning of coal and petroleum. We have found that the density of SOx and TSP in the atmosphere is decreasing year by year because the Shanghai government is trying to adjust the industrial structure and energy consumption. The density of Nox, however, is increasing gradually because of an increase in automobile ownership.

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Construction and demolition waste amounts to 20% of all the industrial waste in Japan and it accounts for more than 70% of all illegal dumping. One of the reasons is that the spread of so called ‘mince demolition’ using construction machinery and consequently a lot of mixed construction waste which is difficult to separate is discharged. Here we present the idea of Two Step Separation of construction waste and demonstrate its efficiency is adopted for the all construction waste in Fukuoka prefecture as case study.

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This paper proposes two typical environmentally symbiotic residences and verifies their validity. These residences are designed on the theme “resource circulation and reduction of environmental impact”. One of them is a wooden house based on the Japanese traditional timber frame house, and the other an industrial residence using modern technology and materials. The following results were obtained by the design of these two experimental residences (the Perfect Recycle House), through construction and verification.
-It is necessary to establish “recyclable buildings” and ”recyclable facilities.” “buildings” means use of materials which are durable and capable of being recycled, and adoption of dismantling-friendly building methods, and“recyclable facilities” with the aim of establishing circulatory system from the site to the wide area.
-Comparison of the W-PRH and S-PRH with conventional houses (wooden house and light gauge steel frame house)by the PRH value were very good; W-PRH shows 170 of PRH value and S-PRH of 402.

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In this study, a numerical method for predicting the radiative and convective heat transports around building blocks in a snowy region is developed. A field measurement is also carried out to clarify the effects of cold and high-albedo surfaces covered with snow. Although the surface temperature of the ground covered with snow was lower than that without snow, MRT and SET* above the snow surface were predicted to be higher than those without snow. This reflects the large effect of an increased albedo of the ground surface due to snow.

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By simply taking a fish-eye lens photograph once at the location, or performing the equivalent operation by computer graphics using geographical data of the location, one can see how much photovoltaic energy will be obtained in each season there. No restriction is required regarding the layout design of photovoltaic cells or installation location. As an eventual discovery, a theory of design rules pertaining to PV integration, which is characterized by “inner symmetry” was developed, as the integrated PV energy obtained remain unchanged towards any arbitrary rotation around an axis.

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The main objective of this paper is to examine the effect of the availability of day care facilities evaluated by working married women in Japan on their sequential fertility behavior. For this purpose, one-factor random effects probit model based upon a continuous latent variable method is employed and analysis performed, using 1993-1996 panel data from the Japanese Panel Survey on Consumers. The empirical results show that the availability of day care facilities has a positive effect on the fertility behavior during the observed period. In short, the higher their availability, the higher probability of birth among working married women. Consequently, it is clear that the provision of day care facilities should be considered as a meaningful social policy to help working married women reconcile career with child rearing.

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We studied an urban area surrounding railway stations in Kashii, a sub-center located in Fukuoka City, Japan. Applying the concepts of Space Syntax Theory we clarified the macro-spatial characteristics of the urban space. Convex and axial maps were constructed and analyzed to forecast the general functioning of land use and pedestrian volume.The analysis of the attributes of the pedestrian space was conducted using the segment unit, a tool that we defined as each one of the fragments located between the nodes in which the pedestrian network is divided. We also clarified the relationship between three-dimensional building use and pedestrian volumes. Conducting a cluster analysis on pedestrian space with the segment unit, we found six different segment types. From the evaluation of all these factors, we deduced that it is necessary to control building use to improve the quality of pedestrian space and the activities in its area.

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This study intends to compare the spatial and behavioral patterns of the center space of different museum layouts and interpret them with reference to social contexts. For the study, two Scottish museums were chosen and then examined by using Space Syntax analysis as an analytic framework. Analysis of the two different centralities leads to some fundamental aspects of morphological and cultural implications behind museum layouts. In morphological terms, two types of centrality were unfolded; figured centrality for the Royal Museum of Scotland and spatial centrality for the Burrell Gallery. From the observed result of space use, the two centralities work in the same way; spatially structured centrality was relatively well-used and instrumentalized in people movement while figured centrality did not that was to be symbolized. It led heterogeneity of centrality in cultural implications. Symbolic centrality was represented and crystallized spatial form for social relations and solidarity or even for personal authority, while instrumental centrality was utilized for purely movement and exhibits. Discordance between symbolic and instrumental aspects of centrality seems to be the one of the evidences that presented changing notion since modern architecture of what museum layout is like to be.

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This paper is a report on research that is part of a strategic study for the Japan Institute of Architects (JIA) on the relationship between architects and their clients. In this paper, four research results are presented. The first is a structural modeling of the relationship between the clients' satisfaction and architects’ services. The second is an analysis of architects classified into two groups; design-oriented architects and manage-ment-oriented architects, based on their actual services. The third is a review of the JIA's services standard, and the fourth is an assessment of their services and strategies based on the Self-Diagnosis Sheet developed in this study.

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This paper reports the results of a comparative study on traditional blocks and a new housing project with relatively high population densities in Beijing concerning the residents’ activities, perception, and evaluation of their outdoor spaces. Outdoor spaces in both the two residential settings function as essential places for the residents’ daily and communal lives and a variety of activities were observed. The spaces in the traditional blocks, however, are considerably more used and satisfied with by the residents than those in the new project are, although they are perceived as problematic in evacuation and rescue in emergencies while the spaces in the new project are seen as areas of potential criminal activities. The traditional outdoor space as a whole retains a clear cognitive hierarchy space from public to private domains, whereas the modern outdoor space lacks definite regions that can be recognized as semiprivate or private.

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During the Chi-Chi Earthquake, approximately 26,000 condominium housing units were completely destroyed or half damaged, yet till now, only four condominium communities have been reconstructed. In order to accelerate the reconstruction of condominiums, it is necessary to investigate the factors involved. In this research, field investigation and interviews are taken as methodology to analyze the reconstruction problems and to suggest a reconstruction principle for condominiums. As a result, factors including residents’ organizations, negotiation with construction agents and banks, reconstruction types, and government administrative efficiency will be discussed.

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This research aims at clarifying methods of supplying community facilitites in new towns by devising a plan which prepares spaces open in residential areas in advance where some facilities can be developed. We developed a model that calculates the number of facilities built in those spaces using the theory of quantification, after we surveyed several new towns that have been already developed and where some unplanned shops have been located. Since the model can explain the actual locations of the facilities in those new towns, we made a case study on a prediction of facilities development using the model of the Seishin-Minami New Town. Compared with the surveyed new towns and our prediction in Seishin-Minami New Town, we found that it has more community facilities in the residential areas; this result proves the effect of the preparatory development. In conclusion, it is important to supply basic commercial facilities by leaving spaces open in the residentail areas in new town projects.

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There are a large number of apartment houses equipped with Gangi, a kind of linked corridor which connects many buildings, in northern Japan, that are provided mainly for winter use. We analyzed continued and open form as they relate to snow protection. From the resident's point of view, our research clarified how to use Gangi in real life, how to remove the snow and also what is required for housing. Accordingly we arranged the ploblems and subjects of new house planning for the northern region. Finally, we tried to clarify the ideal image of Gangi and the common amenity space for apartment houses,and proposed some new design ideas.

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This paper presents an application of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in building consensus among experts on the choice of urban residential upgrading schemes in Jakarta, Indonesia. Questionnaires were administered to both international and Indonesian experts involved in residential upgrading in our study area. Given the goal of urban residential improvement, they were asked to weigh such alternatives as multi-storey housing (MS), single-detached housing (SD), and Kampung Improvement Program (KIP) based on such criteria as tenure, floor area, accessibility to work place, accessibility to transportation and lifestyle. It was found that accessibility to work place was the most important criterion while multi-storey housing was the single most preferred housing improvement scheme contrary to the popular program (KIP) promoted by international aid agencies.

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The purpose of this paper is to study the principles of space formation of Jaipur City which is known as the so called grid iron city. Jaipur City, designed by Jai Singh II is thought to have been constructed according to Hindu cosmology. This paper discusses the planning theory in terms of measurement systems employed in the widths and lengths of streets, division of the urban blocks (chowkri) and the distribution of the dwelling units through the analysis of 43 sheets of the City Map (1925-28). The reason why we chose Jaipur is to compare it with Cakranegara (Lombok, Indonesia), which was founded as a colonial city of the Balinese Hindu kingdom in the same period of the early 18th century.
This paper makes clear that in reality the sizes of the urban blocks are different place by place while simple measurement systems were introduced in the beginning. It also shows the process of city development with respect to changes in the form of the street pattern.The latter part of the paper focuses on the form of neighbourhood structures and, on types of residential buildings that are the cellular units of the residential quarters.

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate and analyze the Chitlada State Railway of Thailand (SRT) Housing in Bangkok by examining at the transition of multipurpose space of row houses. Row houses at Chitlada are made of timber and are built on concrete pillars and have multipurpose space such as a Taithun (underneath) and a Chan (terrace) which are often seen in traditional Thai houses. In this paper we have carried out research into the history of these houses and analyzed the present conditions of this outstanding house planning which could be useful for future architectural planning. We found that at the present the Taithun and the Chan have undergone structural modifications that have brought social changes in the way people interact with each other. However these space support the residents’ continuous living and indicated the importance of multipurpose space which reflects the Thai way of life.

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This paper compares the insurance in 1905 of a ‘Galleria’ type of building in Alexandria, Egypt, with its present situation in 2001. The building is analyzed in terms of: 1) facade and space alteration, 2) function and rents, and 3) insurance and administrative system. The correlation in 1905 between the municipal regulations and building insurance sustained the essence of an open gallery, which itself (gallery) distributed the insured building items for maintenance. The maintenance policy was not limited to insurance, but to the wider context of the municipal system. The system specified the function of building spaces and left the rents to market forces, while the profitable insurance was activated to adjust the running cost of building items with the functional and rental policies. Since nationalization in 1952, the ‘Rent Control’ and change of building regulations have caused the galleria to deteriorate. The administration of the galleria is separated between the physical and socio-economic aspects, which reflects on the weakened relationship between the owner and the tenants. The life-span of the galleria became totally dependent on its physical condition without functional or financial strategies. The study points out the socio-economic requirement of insurance for ‘Galleria Menasce’ as it was..

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Originally from Hunan Province, China, the Yao Minority repeatedly migrated from place to place and are now mainly distributed in five provinces in South and Southwest China. Although much research on the Yaos has been done, surprisingly little attention has been given to those in Hunan Province, which is the ancestral home of the group.
After practicing shifting cultivation for a long time, the Yaos settled in Hunan Province about 150 years ago. Due to historical and ethnic reasons, they used to live in extremely unfavorable areas. Based on a study of the site arrangement of Dachedong Village, this paper demonstrates how the Yao settlement has been arranged in accordance with the steep terrain and what its main features are. The paper first describes the various elements of the site’s arrangement, and then gives detailed analyses of the relationship between the site and buildings, and relationships among buildings within the site. Based on further analysis of the ethnic features of the Yao nation, the paper then discusses the particular reasons which result in the site arrangement of Dachedong Village.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze Frank Lloyd Wright’s concept of prospect. The characteristics of his concept are completely unique according to the interpretation of relationship between object and subject; land and building, nature and self, people and self, as one unit. This thesis can be summarized as follows;
1) In the composition of the basic form for the prospect, Wright used the 'box breaking' technique regarding the building and land as one unit on the basis of the organic idea of monism
2) Regarding the concept of exterior prospect, Wright's works have the space for refuge with prospect in the view of closer range.
3) Regarding the interior prospect, the visual sequence in Wright's works attain an emotional climax in the public space with other people.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the correlation between Aldo Rossi's drawing and De Chirico's painting on the basis of metaphysics. The argument concentrates on the idea of metaphysics, which pervades Rossi's architectural drawing in relation to De Chirico's paintings and De Chirico's influence on Rossi's concept of design in order to evaluate the value of metaphysical expression in architectural presentation and on contemporary trends in architectural thinking.

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