In this paper, nonlinear springs and linear under-soil are supposed to model the nonlinear behavior of soil lying under the vertically loaded circular plate. The analysis procedure using this model is introduced. Dozens of loading test data are used to get estimation of elastic soil modulus for the analysis. The characteristics of nonlinear springs for each kind of soil are also discussed on the basis of relations between load and settlement from the field test data. Settlements of circular plate calculated by proposed analysis model are compared with the test results. The settlements calculated are in good agreement with the measured, except that a few calculations show big difference between calculation and test at higher load levels. This difference may be caused by neglect of local shear failure in analysis of this paper. This defect should be improved in future study for the proposed analysis model.

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Three-dimensional finite element analysis on soil-box foundation-structure interaction system is carried out. General-purpose finite element program ANSYS is used in the analysis. Commonly used equivalent linearity model is chosen as constitutive relation of soil, and the changing-status nonlinearity of soil-structure interface is considered by surface-to-surface contact element. The computational model and analysis method is verified through comparison study between the calculation and the shaking table test results, and issues drawn from the computational analysis are consistent with the test results. The calculations demonstrate that sliding and separation occur between the foundation and the soil, and it shows that great error will occur when the material nonlinearity of soil and the changing-status nonlinearity of soil-structure interface are not considered in calculation of soft soil. Finally, some important findings from the calculations are concluded.

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The good performance of seismically isolated structures during the 1995 Kobe earthquake persuaded structural engineers, isolator manufacturers and housing construction companies to undertake a cooperative research project to investigate the possibility of introducing the seismic isolation technology in Japan's private housing sector. As a part of this project, in this study, the seismic performance of a recently developed Friction Pendulum System (FPS) for houses is presented. In order to verify its behavior under recorded earthquake ground motions, 3-dimensional shaking table tests were conducted. A three-dimensional nonlinear model was used to simulate the experimentally recorded acceleration and displacement response. Experimental results showed that the FPS significantly reduced the acceleration response at both moderate and strong levels of input ground motion. The analytical model used in this study satisfactorily predicted the experimentally recorded acceleration and displacement response time histories.

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The tower of Hohryuji, a typical traditional five-storied pagoda built approximately 1,300 years ago, plays an important role as a religious symbol, but it is also a great cultural asset for the harmony of its inventive high standard of traditional carpentry technology and its morphological beauty. There still exists over 300 of this kind of architecture in Japan today, and are considered as one of the typical Japanese beauty. The morphologies of our traditional timber towers are characterized by the tower's height, and the deep carvings formed by piling roofs projecting outward from its slender body in triples and quintuples. By using data from restoration reports and making models of the traditional timber towers, this paper will focus on their unique morphology and their structures, and investigate their relationship to interpret those special qualities.

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Standard deviations of sound pressure levels and spatial correlation functions of sound fields in reverberation rooms are calculated from sound pressures obtained by sound field analyses based on the authors' finite element method. Distinct differences are found among the standard deviations under four sound source conditions in a regularly shaped reverberation room, while there is not much difference among them for an irregularly shaped reverberation room. Difference between standard deviations of sound fields under the best and worst conditions was found to be 1.0 dB within 1/3 octave band in the regularly shaped reverberation room. Next, spatial correlation function values obtained by the finite element sound field analysis are compared with values in the perfectly diffuse sound field. Differences between actual values in reverberation rooms and theoretical values in the perfectly diffuse sound field (i.e. sin kr / kr) are also compared with standard deviations of sound pressure levels. As a result, both correlation functions and standard deviations are greatly affected by differences in room shape and sound source positions; in contrast, standard deviations are not affected by absorbing material on their boundaries.

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An index of sound recognition of an area, i.e. LSRC5/2, has recently been developed through reanalyzing a matrix composed of the results of 1240 respondents placed in rows, and responses to 39 sounds in columns. This was done by arranging the answers to questions in a questionnaire survey carried out by random sampling at Yokohama city in 1991. The index is a reproduction from a trail of sound environments in daily lives based not on measured acoustic data but on the recognition of the long-term memories of respondents. It indicates the level of ambiguity to our total sound environments. The index will become a useful target for land use planning, travel demand management, life enjoyment, and so on.

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Two kinds of weather data for 20 Asian locations were developed in this paper. One is the Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) with the 8760-hour data including temperature, humidity, solar radiation, wind speed, wind direction and cloud cover. Another kind of weather data is for air-conditioning equipment design. The source data are the database from weather observation with three-hour intervals. The TMY data files were developed referring to the methods of TMYs of the US and Japan. A model to predict solar radiation developed by the authors was modified with the regional factors. The weather data for air-conditioning design were based on the frequency level of a specific temperature over a time period. The frequencies of 2.5% and 5.0% were selected to decide the design temperatures for the 20 Asian cities.

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This paper aims to clarify the effects of extreme weather conditions on the space thermal comfort and energy consumption, which depend on the thermal characteristics of buildings and HVAC systems. Various types of extreme weather days that occur in Tokyo were picked from Expanded AMeDAS weather data for the period 1981 to 1995. Computer simulations were performed for office spaces, using 15-year Tokyo weather data to obtain the hourly changes in the PMV and the load on each of the components in a HVAC system. The type of extreme weather day that created severe conditions from the standpoint of thermal comfort and equipment load was clarified.

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The purpose of this survey is to look into the actual conditions of the residential indoor environment in urban areas in China during the summer for discussing thermal comfort and the possibility of space cooling energy conservation. The apartments under investigation were located in Shanghai, Hong Kong and Xi'an. The questionnaire survey and the measurement of indoor temperature and humidity were done in the summer of 1998 for Shanghai [1] and 2001 for Hong Kong and Xi'an. The questionnaire survey revealed the life style within residences of summer season, the types of air-conditioners used and so on. The measurement showed that indoor temperature and humidity in Hong Kong and Shanghai are very high. In comparison with these three cities, it was found that the indoor environment was not so severe in Xi'an.

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A prototype atrium building is suggested with a large solar chimney on top of the atrium, which is expected to promote natural smoke exhaust and accumulate smoke at a event of a fire and promote natural ventilation when outdoor climate is desirable. In this paper natural ventilation efficiency is evaluated. The solar chimney is similar to conventional chimneys except the south-facing wall is replaced by a glazing. Solar radiation transmits the glass and thermal energy is stored in the other three walls. Air in the chimney is heated and by stack effect natural ventilation is realized. Experiment is conducted on a 1/25 scale model to evaluate the efficiency of this solar assisted natural ventilation system. Several area conditions of inlet and outlet are chosen while other conditions keep the same. CFD simulation is simultaneously done. According to results of model experiment and simulation, natural ventilation promoted by the solar chimney is quite sufficient to meet the demands of atrium ventilation. As to the office rooms, if area is properly set, fresh air requirement can be satisfied only by natural ventilation. In the case of this study, when inlet area changes to 24m², necessary ventilation rate can be obtained.

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This paper investigates the indoor thermal environment, and determines existing problems in energy efficiency and comfort with an emphasis on the importance of the position of small openings, taking into account the resident's lifestyle. Measurements were performed in a well-insulated and airtight house in Japan. The distribution of velocity and temperature at the center-plane of the living room, wall surface temperature and the temperature across the five undercut doors were measured under the condition that all interior doors and exterior doors were closed. The measured results agreed well with the predicted results by CFD analysis. Further, by these CFD simulations, it can be seen that there has been significant improvement in the indoor thermal environment after adjusting the small openings to the optimal position. Next, the open and closed status of interior doors in winter and summer was estimated based on the measured room temperatures over a long period. The results show that interior doors are usually closed in winter and during the summer period when the air-conditioning system is in operation, while they are open when the air conditioning system is not in use. Generally speaking, it is more effective for installing uppercut doors to improve the indoor thermal conditions both in summer and winter than undercut doors, and thus the effect is strongly influenced by the resident's lifestyle.

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The conventional air conditioning system for residential houses aims to a uniform room temperature, even those places near the ceiling is cooled during the summer. But the displacement ventilation system supplies cold air directly to the occupant space. In order to verify the effectiveness of this system for residential houses, it has been introduced in the experiment house in Kitakyushu. According to the field experiment and CFD simulation, the thermal environment and ventilation effectiveness has been analyzed. The stratification in temperature and CO₂ concentration has been verified, and comfortable environment has been achieved in the occupant space. And the energy consumption for cooling by this system is about 20% lower than the conventional system.

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A small-scale chamber, ADPAC, was developed to measure chemical emission rates from building materials. Measurement results from wall covering adhesive, flooring, and insulation materials were shown in this paper. The test pieces with wall covering adhesives were produced at the day of measurement. First measurement was conducted 15 hours after the production of the test piece, when chemical concentration in the chamber was considered to be steady state. Measurements were repeated after 4, 7, 14, and 28 days. It was found that emission of formaldehyde was observed even for the product indicated of “non-formalin”. Emission rates were higher during the first day, but decreased rapidly after 1 or 2 weeks. Flooring materials and thermal insulation material EPS were also evaluated.

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This paper investigates thermal and ventilation characteristics in a workstation area of an office building equipped with a personal environmental system. An under-floor air-conditioning system with and without a desk-mounted PEM (Personal Environmental Module) is compared. A tracer gas experiment using SF6 gas is performed to measure the local supply index and the room mean ventilation effectiveness. The particle image velocimetry is utilized to obtain quantitative velocity vectors in the workstation area for various supply air conditions. As a result, the local supply index in the workstation area is found to be increasing by operating a PEM, while overall room ventilation effectiveness remains the same. Flow visualization results show upward buoyant flows for a heating condition, and there is a need to adjust the angle of the PEM diffuser grille.

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For economic evaluation of cooling plant equipment in the preliminary design stage, it is necessary to simplify energy prediction method, which should include the efficiency corrected by part-load ratio. This study proposed a simplified correlation method with regression equations of time-average partial loads and chiller capacity. DOE-2 program was used to carry out a parametric study of twelve variables. Five input variables were considered to be significant and were used in the regression equations. To test the accuracy of this method, calculated results were compared with DOE-2 simulated results. Testing showed good agreement between these two results with 5.9-7.6% error. It is hoped that this method can be used as an easy prediction tool for comparing energy use of different cooling plants during the early design stage.

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Based on the vacuum tube type solar collector, a system of hybrid solar powered water heater and adsorption ice maker was designed and a prototype was built. Energy analysis of the hybrid system was presented, and the prototype was experimental tested in different season. The results of analysis and experiment show that, compared with the traditional solar powered water heater and cooling machine, the hybrid system is more suitable for household usage.

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Normalized vegetation index (NVI) and albedo are computed using the fine resolution satellite remote sensing data. The characteristics on their frequency distributions for corresponding land uses are analyzed by superimposing the Detailed Digital Information on them. The frequency distributions generated by raw data in 10m meshes under consideration are compared to these made by the averaged data in each 10m meshes which seems to represent the popular course resolution satellite remote sensing data. By using these fine resolution data together with the GIS, albedo of the building roofs and roads seem to be distinguished. The characteristics on the frequency distributions of NVI and albedo for individual land uses are examined, and these for the raw value of 4m mesh are shown to be almost similar to those for the averaged value in 10m mesh. However in some land use categories, the specific materials of land cover contained in the categories are found to enlarge the standard deviation.

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In the pre-Industrial Period the Kitakyushu City had a rich natural environment. Due to industrial developments, the expansion of the residential and industrial area has caused severe destruction of this natural environment. Several natural areas are still left in the urban area. Above of that in the last 25 years the population has decreased and the city area has sprawled further. In this research, the change of land use in the Kurosaki Sub center in the Kitakyushu Industrial Belt in Japan has been investigated. Furthermore, a proposal has been made for the development of an urban biotope network in the Kurosaki Sub center.

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Tokyo suffers a lower land use efficiency and environmental problem. In this study, we have a proposal of urban plan for Tokyo in order to solve the problem of worse living condition. This proposal plan is called “Cluster Model”, which introduce the high rise building into the projected area to save the land and regain the open space. And then a theoretical model to predict the thermal environment in the urban area has been introduced. Using this model, the effect of the green area and urban structure on the urban thermal environment can be determined. The results suggest the green area has a significant effect on lowering the air temperature. Through comparison of the thermal environment between the present and cluster model, the efficiency of the cluster model to mitigate the environment in the urban area has been proved.

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With the quick development of Shanghai, energy consumption has increased fast in recent years, which leads to the environmental problems. In this paper, we proposed a cluster model to the CBD of Shanghai and have an evaluation on this plan in order to give a way to reduce the energy consumption and the emission of CO₂ for air conditioning. The basic concept of cluster model in urban planning is that buildings and natural conditions (green lands or rivers) should be co-existed. Based on natural conditions in current urban area, we set more land for green areas and rivers as possible. And the decrease of land area will be made up with the construction of high-rises. The results were found that the cluster model could give a good answer to mitigate the thermal environment and CO₂ emission. And this will also be available for reference for other megalopolis in Asia.

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After the industrial revolution, megalopolis beyond the population of 10,000,000 appears one after another, and makes big impact to the earth environment. The urbanization in Asian developing countries is tremendous. Especially the rapid urban sprawl and the change of land use are bringing urban climate changing such as heat island phenomenon in Shanghai, China in recent years. To evaluate heat island phenomenon in Shanghai by urbanization, this study constructed a land use database using land use map of Shanghai. Using a numerical analysis method, the influence on urban climate with the urban sprawl and the change of land use of Shanghai was evaluated from 1845 to 1995. As a result, analyzed the influence on the urban climate affect by the urbanization of 25km x 19km range, the maximum temperature and average temperature rose by about 1.7ºC because of the rapid sprawl of urban area and the changes of land use for this 150 years in Shanghai.

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It is estimated that a third of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in Japan are created from construction and operation of buildings, and the construction industry is largely greatly responsible for this. Based on future population projections, a building floor area equivalent to that of Europe, the floor area of buildings already started, and an input and output analysis, a forecast of buildings-related CO₂ emissions has been made up to 2050. If the current situation continues, CO₂ emissions for the period 2008-2012 will rise by 15% compared to 1990 levels. On the other hand, if energy conservation measures are taken along with steps to prolong the life of buildings, reducing CO₂ emissions by 30% in new construction work and by 15% in renovation work, and if the unit CO₂ emission from electricity is reduced by 20% compared to 1990, CO₂ emissions could be reduced by 6% over the period 2008-2012 and by 40% by 2050. We also examined the problems faced by the construction industry, making estimates classified by steps taken by the construction industry, steps taken by the power industry, and the year in which counter-measures are launched.

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In the past decade, both inside and outside of Japan, a lot of studies and researches have been done on the problems concerning the risk management process, the contract relation, and the development of risk analysis technique. But, there are very few studies discussing the project risk from the viewpoints of jobsite engineers. Especially, risk management, which has been usually processed in the empiricism, is not considered deeply on the construction sites in Japan. However, it is necessary to understand the quantitative mechanism of project risk to proceed risk management in the construction site properly, and set up the risk strategies by trade-off of risk and cost to reduce the project risk. This study started with using FTA to develop a quantitative analysis method, and using the data from the stakeholders of project to prove this method is useful. And, 650 risk occurrence causes in concrete description were emerged in a discussion with 40 project managers by brainstorming. Then, 32 risk occurrence causes were extracted by the method of two-dimension evaluation. Finally, the decision support system of risk management in a dialogue way was developed.

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This study is intended to provide useful information for the design and management of effective workplaces by evaluating existing office environments. Renovations in the office environment have improved the amount of work-surface, function of furniture, amount of storage, function of storage, and style of furniture. The analysis identified that the open floor plan of a work environment, over time, is a source of noise problems and deprives office workers of privacy and personalized space. Respondents replied that meeting spaces are few and small, and they lack privacy and quality. In order to improve the quality and efficiency of work this study proposes that companies should provide ergonomic office environment through in-dept study of work-type and workspace.

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The aim of this paper is to clarify the historical origin of the One Bright Both Sides Dark type of house which has odd-spans frontage and is considered as the typical and traditional unit of the planning composition of Siheyuan houses, and presents a new interpretation of the connection with the typical One Hall Two Insides type in Han dynasty. Further more, the authors attempt to clarify the appearance and development of One Bright Both Sides Dark type houses of China.

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The purpose of this study is to examine and clarify the residents' adjustment behaviors in reference to the process of self-built improvements they made into their dwelling units as in the case of the Medium Rise Buildings (MRBs). Three MRB sites in Metro Manila (two in the City of Manila and one in Quezon City) were investigated. A chronological account of the residents' self-built improvements was investigated together with two parameters (the household structure growth and change and the profession change). In the analysis, we combined the self-built improvements with the two parameters, and as a result, there were eight typical patterns of transformation found in these samples. In addition, we further analyzed these patterns and there were three cases (A,B and C) that described the characteristics and relationships between the self-built improvements and the two parameters. In B case, the self-built improvements were influenced by the two parameters, while A and C cases were not affected by them.

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate and analyze the house unit planning at Chitlada State Railway of Thailand (SRT) housing site in Bangkok. Row houses at Chitlada were made of timber and were built on concrete pillars and had multipurpose space such as a Taithun (underneath) and a Chan (terrace) which were often seen at traditional Thai houses. In this paper, we discuss about the use of house unit and its relationship with the shared Chan. We found that the use of house unit shows the demarcation of sleeping space and multipurpose connecting space. The shared Chan is not actively used for daily social communications as used to be, however still helped for practical uses such as work space, housework, storage, passage and as ritual space. In addition spatial perception of Chan as multipurpose connecting space can be shared among residents. The shared Chan supports the residents' continuous living and indicated its importance in house unit planning which reflects the Thai way of life.

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There are various house types in the kampungs (urban villages) of Indonesian towns.The size of houses varies from less than 20 square meters up to more than 200 square meters. It is a characteristic of kampung settlements that various house types exist in the same kampung. But on the other hand, we can find the same house types in many kampungs. This paper investigates kampung houses in Surabaya city and shows their typical types, and then reveals the transformation process of kampung houses through the analysis of the relationship between various house types. Based on this analysis of the transformation process, this paper aims to describe the basic principles of the formation of kampung.

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The objectives of this study are to reveal how a set of spatial meanings, front and back (omote and ura in Japanese), is recognized at the city scale and to clarify by conducting a case study the relationship between such spatial cognition and actual state of the urban structure of cities. Both front and back are recognized at the city scale and are by and large regarded attractive. In general, front is associated mainly with larger scale facilities and spaces in urban settings, while back is associated basically with smaller ones. The recognized domains as front and back fundamentally contrast and complement each other in their distribution patterns. The domain of front coincides with the districts in which commercial facilities or public buildings are located mainly on major streets with large traffic: it is planned for effective land use and is comparatively high in land price; contrarily, the realm of back corresponds with the areas in which entertaining businesses or residential facilities are situated mainly on minor streets with little traffic: it is generally low in land price.

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Qianlong Jingcheng Quantu, the oldest map of Beijing drawn in the Qianlong period (1750), depicts various institutional facilities and Beijing courtyard houses known as siheyuan in the inner city of Beijin. The city is composed of innumerable siheyuans and facilities built in siheyuan type architecture. This siheyuan type is related to the pattern of block division and its subdivision in the larger scheme of the city plan. Firstly, this paper, making an analysis of maps and literature, identifies a chronological order in the development of the street patterns, and then considers the connection of the siheyuan type with respect to the size of residential plots. The research then discusses the transformation process of the Beijing courtyard residences that occurred through the subsequent subdivision of the initial dwelling plots. This paper, thus, aims to illustrate the historical formation and transformation of physical environment of the Inner City of Beijing that may serve as an important basis to develop guidelines to the conservation of the historic environment of Beijing.

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This study is aimed at finding architectural characteristics of Demak and Jepara traditional houses in Northern Central Java, Indonesia. There are many traditional houses at the village in the area of Demak and Jepara. Based on classification of house type, plan, construction, ornament and aesthetic element, and building facing can be found out typology of Demak and Jepara traditional houses. Through a comparison with traditional houses in another area of Northern Central Java and Southern Central Java, we have found out architectural characteristics of Demak and Jepara traditional houses.

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Because many people are acquiring settled dwellings in Inner Mongolia, they now no longer live in Yurts only. This article probes the extension of the traditional culture of Yurts by analyzing and studying the distribution and orientation of the earth brick house and cave dwellings compared with Yurts.

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The present paper attempts to clarify the characteristics of the modern Filipino style which was introduced by leading architects following World War II. The primary questions examined herein are as follows: 1) what is the background of the quest for Filipino style, 2) what are the sources of design connected with this tradition, and 3) how modernists designed structures according to their own design methods. Among leading Filipino architects, Leandro V. Locsin and Francisco Manosa are outstanding figures who embraced the possibility of a Filipino style that was based on their culture and gave clear direction to modern design.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the concept of "prospect and continuity" in spaces of Gana Art Center and Whanki Museum in Korea. This thesis can be summarized as follows: First, based on monism, Gana Art Center forms fluid and organic spaces, which means that obscurity caused by inconclusive outlines and transparency through glass walls form the concept of prospect by the coincident experiences between the subjects and objects. Second, the dominant concept of Whanki Museum, the dualism shows the sequence having mobility and sense of direction through lights and objects. Especially, the frames of vertical axises forming the picturesque prospect and users eyes dispersed in all directions emphasize on the separation of subjects and objects by frames.

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