The purpose of this study is to identify the environmental factors that affect the image of a school campus. To achieve this objective: the campuses of 28 four-year universities in Seoul, which has more colleges than any other area in Korea, were examined. A survey using campus maps showed the following. First, those in a college group with better campus images use a greater variety of places than those in the other group. Second, with regard to the places chosen as environmental factors that affect the campus image, the respondents gave the following answers. The respondents of the college group with better campus images reported that architecture, places of social interactions, and the natural environment affect the campus image, along with related activities. However, the respondents of the other group stated that visual aspects such as landmark buildings affect the campus image. Third, when the campus maps were analyzed, it was found that flows of traffic were longer at colleges with a better image, which indicates that: these colleges strive to boost the usability of the overall campus by designing various places to be used for various purposes. This finding demonstrates that the factors which affect campus images include not only visual aspects but also both social interactions and natural environments.

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Driven by governments, all countries are enacting laws related to environmental improvements and establishing policies to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG). Because 26.9% of the reduction plans from a total of 30% of national GHG reduction targets is set in the building area, most countries are inducing green building expansion through the implementation of green building standards that reflect the countries′ standards to achieve the 2020 target. To construct buildings that conform to the certification by satisfying the eco-friendliness of buildings, studies that consider this requirement should be performed from the initial design stage. However, there are several complicated work processes and problems in analysing items in detail, recognizing demand related to data, and applying data to work.
Accordingly, the development of new applicable techniques is required that can support the information of detailed items in certification more efficiently to vitalize green buildings based on green building standards. From this perspective, this study seeks to propose a practical method to support the design of green buildings using a GBT, BIM-based green template, and to develop the supportive and evaluative environment for the demands of green building standards via GBT.

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This case study was conducted to identify the characteristics of the interaction between infants with developmental disorders in inclusive day care centers and typical peers and teachers. A survey through behavior observation was conducted on the infants with development disabilities at three inclusive day care centers in Tokyo, Japan based on the Behavior Setting Theory, which is one of the major theories in Environmental Psychology, and the results were analyzed with a focus set on the subjects′ social interaction. In the analysis, the subjects were categorized into different types by purpose of interaction, method of expression, and subjects/objects of behavioral motivation, while the characteristics of subjects′ interactive behaviors were analyzed.

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Contemporary architectural surfaces created by various pattern and image formations have become possible with the advancement of computer simulation technology and through fabrication that allows the effective production of repetitive and variable materials. These architectural surfaces are perceptively stimulating and individualized in urban settings. Digital technology generates architectural surfaces with simulated images that reflect today′s consumer-oriented society. This research represents an attempt to demonstrate the appropriateness of digital technology as a tool for the active creation of simulated surface effects in urban environments. This connection establishes the association between images of superficiality and the human sensory experience in architectural surfaces. Contemporary architectural surfaces overcome the ″old school″ formula that links reality with its representation. With the utilization of digital fabrication technology to produce simulacra, modern day architects have reconfigured the perceptions about architectural surfaces, thereby enhancing their performance in urban settings.

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This study aims at offering effective policies for managing local temperatures and reducing the heat island effect by identifying elements that affect local temperatures. It first selected the three elements of natural environment, land use, and land coverage and then applied control factors including season, weather, and measurement unit for wind speed. In order to analyze these factors′ relation to summer temperatures, development of an integrated model, analysis of the urban heat island reduction effect of elements impacting local temperatures, nationwide Weather System (AWS) data from July and August 2007, land coverage data provided by the Ministry of Environment, and land use area data from local governments were used after being rearranged based upon their falling within a 500 meter radius (0.79km^²) of respective AWS measuring points. The study results show that natural environment, land use, and land coverage all have a relation to changes in local temperatures, with natural elements bearing a greater impact than other factors and land use having less. Specific elements which were effective in the reduction of local temperatures were altitude, wind speed, broadleaf forest, inland wetland, costal wetland, other dry land, and marine water. On the other hand, residential areas, traffic areas, and greenhouse agricultural areas all contributed to an increase in local temperatures. In the case of grassland, contrary to previous theories, its effect on the reduction of temperatures was seen to be a result of wind rather than an inherent property. Unlike its precedents, this study compared the degree of influence of each element on local temperatures. In this regard, it is meaningful in that it suggests basic data for establishing more effective policies for mitigating the heat island effect and strategies for enhancing the sustainability of cities.

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The status of online communities for clients of professional architectural services has been explored only rarely, although various communities have been established autonomously. These communities have faced challenges regarding the reliability of information and incentives for sustainable involvement of members. These concerns can be tackled by facilitating a community embracing socially embedded human actions and virtual markets in which recommendations are powerful for promoting sustainable information streams. This study aims to provide a theoretical framework to implement a structured online community in which trustworthy information are shared in sustainable manner by cultivating social actions in relationship. A preliminary investigation into the opinions of a specific group of professional architectural service clients in existing online communities is conducted. Based on relevant findings, a prototype of a structured online community, which systematizes information flows, involvement of service providers, and evaluation of service quality is developed. A main survey provides insight of clients on the motivation to upload information, usefulness of information, and expected customer power in the structured online community.

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A standard architectural project comprises multiple interfaces among individual modules of information, components, systems, or players. Each society possesses its own history and background that derives a unique pattern of modules and interfaces. In 2005, Prof. Tomonari Yashiro and Prof. Satoshi Yoshida identified the antagonistic concept of design tendency between modularity and integration. Players from different countries tend to manage projects on different levels of modularity or integration, and create unique work system structures for each. The effects of the difference between modularity and integration were identified, but the mechanism was not demonstrated in visualized or quantified models.
This research identifies the United States as the most oriented to modularity and Japan as the country most oriented to integration. The Two countries were the focus of analyses to demonstrate the effect of using the task structure matrix (TSM). The TSM analysis model is a method to visualize and quantify the module pattern and relationship by recording the dependencies of all the elements. This research sought to verify the different pattern of regional modularity between the United States and Japan, as well as offer a quantified understanding to help transnational project players identify the critical paths that are potentially omitted from a project.

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The competitiveness of construction firms may be achieved by effective decision-making and high productivity. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the efficiency and productivity of construction firms. This study aims to compare the efficiency and productivity of Chinese, Japanese and Korea construction firms between 2005 and 2011 using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and DEA-based Malmquist methods. The analysis process is as follows: 1) Decision Making Units, input and output variables are selected. 2) Efficiency of Chinese, Japanese and Korean construction firms is analyzed by applying DEA and selected variables. 3) Productivity of construction firms is presented as the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) by using DEA-based Malmquist and by dividing the MPIs into Technical Change Index and Technical Efficiency Change Index. The analysis results are: 1) the average efficiency score of Korean construction firms (0.861) is higher than those of Japanese construction firms (0.775) and Chinese construction firms (0.639), 2) the average MPI of Chinese construction firms (5.5%) is higher than those of Korean construction firms (0.9%) and Japanese construction firms (-0.1%). The results show that Korean construction firms need to improve productivity more than efficiency to enhance their competitiveness in the market.

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The cost estimating methods for reinforced concrete structures based 3D design can be categorized into quantity takeoff (estimation) and quantity prediction in the design development stage. The main estimating elements are concrete and formwork that can be considered in a quantity takeoff, whereas the quantity prediction element is the reinforcing bars in the design development stage.
This study proposes a cost estimation system that applies automatic quantity takeoff and quantity prediction with parameters. Firstly, the logic of a quantity takeoff calculates the quantity of formwork with the object information. The Standard Method of Measurement (SMM) automatically estimates the quantity of formwork upon receiving physical shape information from the 3D-object. Secondly, the logic of quantity prediction estimates the quantity of reinforcing bars with data mining tools such as the Decision Tree Model (DTM) and Case Based Reasoning (CBR). To predict the quantity of reinforcing bars, Information Gains (IG) of design attributes are evaluated, and then the valid attributes are selected as the parameters. The Parameters can statistically classify the quantity of reinforcing bars by generating decision tree nodes.

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Process planning is based on engineers′ experience. This often results in cost overruns and delays. Precise planning based on reliable data is required to avoid these issues. Accurate productivity prediction is one of the most important issues in process planning. However, it has been shown that the process of collecting enough data has severe limitations in terms of time and human resources. Numerous studies have attempted to overcome the difficulties of accurate productivity prediction. This paper proposes a methodology for monitoring construction projects by implementing a database that is developed using the Bayesian posterior-probabilistic method. This method is considered to be appropriate in civil engineering because it provides reliable probabilities by presenting updated results based on continuously collected data rather than focusing on a one-time observation and associated analysis. This paper focuses on high-rise, curtain wall operations as an example for database implementation and Bayesian application. The results obtained using the Bayesian method illustrate appropriate convergence to specific mean values with small variances of standard deviations. This result shows that a Bayesian probabilistic approach can be utilized in civil engineering, to provide more accurate prediction results based on updated information.

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Mega program projects include several sub-projects, require extended periods of time, and incur heavy costs to finish. Because of their project scope, complexity, and size of construction durations and budgets, they may undergo extensive deviations and changes. Therefore, effective change management for a mega program project is critical for the successful completion of the project. Although there are some studies on the development of change management systems and processes, they are mostly limited to a single project and lack practical applicatory analysis. In contrast, this study strives to develop mega program project management systems and processes. Moreover, this study developed a change management process model, and applies the model to real case studies. In addition, this study affirms its validity through surveys about applicability of the developed model. Finally, this study suggests that the process model can cope with changes rapidly. This process model has not only systemized the change management process, but has also used it to improve the efficiency of business processes.

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The majority of currently used construction productivity management systems rely on result-based management techniques, which have difficulties in managing in uncertain environments. Massive amounts of time and resources are wasted due to conflicts between works and constraints in space, etc. Hence, we need to recognize the limitations of existing result-based management systems and suggest a productivity management index that is expected to ensure that the issues of productivity reduction are properly controlled.
Work flow refers to the progression of work in a limited time and space. Schedule delay and expense waste can be controlled by managing the work flow. Measurement of work flow is evaluated using 3 indices: Continuity Index, Variation Index, and Productivity Index. Therefore, this research suggests an evaluation and measurement system for work flow that shows the productivity of construction work both directly and indirectly, and thereby aims at an improvement in project performance by using a target index.

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Theme restaurants are primarily run based on spatial planning, decor and entertainment arrangements, with a distinctive theme or specific style to attract consumers and create a value in the minds of consumers. However, after a rapid growth in popularity in the early to mid-1990s, theme restaurants began to lose market share, and many once popular brands were forced to downsize. This study explores the physical factors of theme restaurants that influence consumer perceptions to develop an assessment tool for the planning and design stage. First, various dimensions and facets were identified and developed into questionnaire items after referencing publicly available scales. The ″Theme Restaurant Physical Factor Scale″ was established after testing the pilot samples of 279 people and the official samples of 286 people. The analysis results indicate that a two-order confirmatory factor analysis of structural equation models is effective for verifying the theme restaurant physical factor scale. Among them, five latent variables, including aesthetics, ambient condition, space/function, seating comfort, and cleanliness, and 18 observable variables can be used as effective evaluation measurement indicators. The scale has relatively high reference value and can be applied to the restaurant industry and by designers for evaluation.

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The objective of this study is to determine if the appraised unit value ($/sf) of unimproved land parcels in Houston, Texas could be predicted by a regression equation containing a group of independent variables that represent LEED transportation access criteria and the area of a land parcel. The independent variables, number of bus stops, number of rail stops and parcel area, were all found to contribute significantly to the independent variable, appraised unit value of a parcel. The observational unit was properties in Houston, Texas that were unimproved (had zero improvement value). Findings suggest that the acceptance criteria for the LEED green building rating system regarding public transportation access have a significant influence on the appraised value in dollars per square foot of the subject properties. Based on the sample median lot size of 5,300 square feet, the predicted lot value increases dramatically in proportion to the number of qualifying light rail stations and decreases marginally in proportion to the number of qualifying bus stops. Since the regression model and each independent variable were all significant at p<0.05 and the adjusted R-square was near 0.50, the study objective was deemed to have been answered in the affirmative.

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When a design project is executed, inappropriate decisions in the selection of materials, construction methods, and systems negatively impact the productivity of the project since such decisions result in inadequate design. Subsequently, these defects become a cause for design changes. In order to prevent such cases, clear RPC (Requirement Performance Criteria) should be provided in order to allow for suitable design alternatives, and a quality review should be undertaken by tracking alterations in the requirements, as these continuously change and update. This study suggests a quality function deployment (QFD) model that is based on a suitability assessment (QFD-SA) to prevent design changes that result in unsatisfactory quality. The suggested assessment model is able to define the function and performance requirements, and it is thus suitable for use when selecting design alternatives for those requirements. The model uses a matrix technique in its assessment, and furthermore, the QFD-SA assessment model reanalyzes the degree of conformity according to the changes in the RPC.

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Effective interior design service relies on users′ needs and the agreements between designers and users; this requires good communication between the two parties. Therefore, establishing an interactive model to record user involvement in the design process, as well as visually analyzing the user′s lifestyle and needs, warrants exploration. This study targeted specific interior design cases and the daily lives of users. The research introduces a sphere activity change map that uses information visualization to understand users′ daily activities. This model offers a life-model-based information tree as a tool to highlight the space spheres individual family members emphasize. The tool then visualizes the distribution of the average time family members spend in each space sphere.

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The purpose of the research is to suggest improvement directions of G-SEED certification criteria and standards. To verify the present condition and improvement points, the certification scores of 97 apartments were analyzed by category and criteria. Based on this, a certification specialist intensive interview was conducted, and specialist questionnaires were collected for multiple organizations. One hundred and thirty two questionnaires were analyzed by matrix analysis to establish synthetic improvement directions of criteria concerning similar tendencies. Based on this, the final improvement directions of G-SEED criteria were established.

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The purpose of this study is to look into the awareness and environmentally friendly elements reflected in traditional villages in Gangneung, Korea. This study was conducted through a field study on traditional villages as well as interviews and questionnaire with experts in urban architecture and with village residents. The environmentally friendly elements of traditional villages are classified into the traditional environment, building environment, street environment and living environment. Among them, the traditional environment itself is considered as an element favorable to the ecological environment. The villages on the outskirts of the city center show ecologically damaging features, since land prices there are relatively low and the number of warehouses is growing due to their proximity to the city center. As the street environment tends to be evaluated from a public viewpoint, it is viewed as ecologically detrimental when it is not properly managed or harmonized, regardless of its being natural or traditional. The most serious problem in the living environment is waste disposal. Based on the village residents′ perception of modernity, the residents of Yeochan-ri, where neighboring welfare facilities are focused, value conservation more than development, while their counterparts in Unjeong-dong, which has various tourist attractions, opt for development. Furthermore, the residents who realize their villages are friendly to the environment are trying to address the problem of waste disposal in a relatively greener way.

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Visibility is an important factor that affects fear of crime in environments. This study suggests empirical evidence of the relationship between visibility and fear of crime in environments using an automated quantitative analysis method. Spots where children felt fear in exterior areas of elementary schools were aggregated, and their characteristics were analyzed with two visibility dimensions of visual connectivity with no visible distance restrictions and with visible distances restricted. In general, locations with lower levels of visibility reported higher levels of fear of crime. However, where there was very high visibility, fear of crime also increased. In other words, visibility has a dual nature, both increasing and decreasing fear of crime in environments. In addition, the visible distance was a significant element that affects fear of crime. With the assistance of methods and results of this study, designers can plan safer environments and improve existing environments by considering visibility in a systematic and significant manner.

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Large-scale heritage structures with historical value often suffer damage as a result of external forces. If they are to be rebuilt, while preserving their original appearance, the difficulties of reconstructing the often shattered remains must be addressed. In this paper, the south chimney of the Taiwan Tile Corporation′s Takao factory, which was seriously damaged during an earthquake, is used as the example. To develop the integrated technology of 3D laser scanning, with a Fuzzy c-mean algorithm and precision irregular 3D building digital model, eleven complete precision 3D digital models of the south chimney and a 3D digital model of the south chimney needed to be created from 2D architectural survey figures. Judging whether the positions of the undamaged remains match their original positions requires the use of 3D overlay recognition through position, size and appearance. The recognition results are successful for eight pieces of the remains, and the success matching rate is about 72%. The 3D digital recovery simulation model using a precision irregular 3D building digital model can improve the ability to rebuild in keeping with the original appearance, as well as reduce conservation costs in the rebuilding of large-scale heritage structures.

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Previous studies on gabled hyperbolic paraboloid shells (gabled hypar) revealed that shell loads are transferred to the supports mainly through diagonal arch action, and the contribution of edge beams, which have been traditionally included based on the assumptions of membrane theory, is actually very limited. This finding introduced a new shape of gabled hypars in which the edge beams are removed. This paper investigated the behaviors of gabled hypars with and without edge beams for various cases considering the effects of rise-to-span ratio (RSR) and lateral support movement. The FE analyses results indicated that, when the RSR was low, distribution of shell stress showed large variations. Lateral support movement caused an increase of tensile stresses, a decrease of compressive stresses, and intensified stress variation. When edge beams were not used, deflections were increased substantially, and local fluctuation of stress in the vicinity of the supports was intensified. Such behaviors were aggravated when RSR was low and proper constraints against the lateral support movement were not provided, thus resulting in inefficient systems. As such, gabled hypars without edge beams should be designed with caution.

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Ondol is the popular house heating system in Korea onto which hardwood flooring is laid. However, the low heat conductivity of the wooden flooring decreases heating efficiency. To address this issue, a thin flooring panel was developed. For practical applications, this material′s performance, life cycle energy, and costs must be evaluated. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the life cycle energy and cost of the developed flooring with enhanced thermal efficiency. The energy analysis focuses on heating energy consumption in the maintenance phase, while the cost analysis focuses on the installation, repair, and replacement costs. As a result of this study, energy consumption was 7.2% lower and cost was 9.62% lower compared with the conventional wooden panel.

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In this paper, the liquid-solid interaction dynamic finite element integral models of a reinforced-concrete rectangular liquid-storage structure are established to obtain the liquid-solid interaction seismic response of an isolated overground rectangular reinforced-concrete liquid-storage structure. It is assumed that the liquid is incompressible and the influence of gravity wave on the surface of liquid is considered. Some mechanical properties, such as the liquid sloshing height, wallboard displacement and equivalent stress under seismic action and the seismic response under different liquid level of the single cell liquid-storage structure, are discussed, by considering factors of the nonlinear dynamic characteristic, element selection, seismic input, mesh density, convergence and liquid-solid interaction. The results of numerical examples indicate that: the peak displacements of the isolated structure under different earthquake intensities are basically the same, the displacement of the wallboard and stress increase with the increase of seismic intensity, and the lower the level of the liquid is, the less the amount of liquid is and the greater the shaking amplitude is, the greater the stress and displacement of the wallboard are.

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Oil dampers installed on the first floor of an eight-story steel building were completely destroyed during the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. It is believed to be the first time in the world that real oil dampers in service failed due to earthquakes. Before this failure event, the actual performance of buildings that use oil dampers during catastrophic earthquakes has never been verified. Investigating the cause of the damage of the oil dampers is thus necessary and urgent. In this paper, a comprehensive identification was conducted to rebuild the numerical model of this damped structure equipped with/without damaged oil dampers using the measurement data of the installed monitoring system. Furthermore, the damage process of the oil dampers was postulated based on the identification and simulation results. The limit states of the oil dampers were studied. Based on the damages of the dampers and connection, the oil dampers experienced the displacement limit state when the allowable displacement limit was surpassed and the central cylinder pushed against the abutment. The insufficient stroke limit is the main cause of the collision between the damper and the abutment on the floor, which finally led to the failure of the oil dampers.

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This study aims to evaluate the physical properties of non-sintering cement (NSC) concrete by adding phosphogypsum (PG) and waste lime (WL) to granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) as sulfate and alkali activators. The study measured changes in the physical properties of fresh concrete using NSC, and the compressive, flexural and tensile strength of the hardened concrete for 360 days. In the results of the experiment, concrete using NSC was superior to that using Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) or blast-furnace slag cement (BSC) in terms of fluidity and hydration heat characteristics. In addition, the early strength of concrete using NSC was relatively low at around 85% of the strength of concrete using OPC on day 3, but this was reversed from day 7 and the difference between OPC and BSC grew steadily larger over time until day 360. The strength of concrete using NSC develops continuously because the GBFS component eluting as GBFS is activated by PG and WL, and due to their reaction, ettringite, C-S-H gel, etc. are generated steadily for a long time, and there is no transition zone in the interface between the aggregate and paste because Ca (OH)₂ is hardly generated from the hydration process, and as a result, interfacial adhesion is reinforced with aging.

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Three types of joint detailing are suggested in Chinese specifications to reinforce CFT column-steel beam connections, including internal diaphragms (ID), external diaphragms (ED) and through diaphragms (TD). Previous research has mainly focused on a single type of connection detail; very little comparative research has been conducted on the differences of these details in influencing the behavior of the connections. Full-scale experimental research and finite element analyses (Abaqus) are conducted to study the effect of joint details and axial force ratios on the failure mechanisms of CFT column-steel beam connections. Force transfer mechanisms and shear deformations of the joint are further investigated using advanced computational models. The results show that the connections with reinforcement details suggested by Chinese specifications provide satisfactory seismic performance. ED connections exhibit the highest shear strength and lowest ductility. ID connections provide the highest ductility and lower shear strength. TD connections exhibit similar performances as ID connections. The comparison of these connections shows that connection type, diaphragm thickness and tube thickness have a significant influence on the joint confinement and may lead to different failure mechanisms of the connections. A high axial force ratio may also cause an undesirable column yielding mechanism if the reinforcement of the joint is inadequate.

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The greatest challenges facing straw bale building in Japan, and many other countries with high humidity and precipitation, are moisture and the susceptibility of straw to microbial decay. Researchers in Europe and North America have found the use of ventilated rainscreens to help control interstitial moisture in straw bale walls. The indoor, outdoor and interstitial hygrothermal environment of six straw bale structures in Japan have been monitored. The six buildings are organized into two groups. The first group includes buildings consisting of straw bales walls with an earthen or lime plastered exterior finish applied directly to the bale walls. The second group includes buildings consisting of straw bale walls utilizing ventilated rain screens. The purpose of the present study is: (one) evaluate the potential for mold growth in the six buildings, (two) clarify moisture dynamics, and (three) determine the effectiveness of ventilated rainscreens to control moisture in straw bale walls. As a result of the study, the potential for mold growth was found to vary by structure. Buildings utilizing rain screens were found to have lower interstitial relative humidity and a lower risk of mold growth.

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This paper presents the thermal performance evaluation of a dynamic insulation technology applied to the building envelope of a timber framework house. The concept of dynamic insulation technologies is to draw outside air in through insulation materials in a wall to recover conduction heat loss from inside the building. The authors applied dynamic insulation technology to the walls and ceiling of a timber framework house to allow outside air to pass through permeable insulation materials within the walls and ceiling. The experiment was conducted at a building in Sapporo, Hokkaido to evaluate the thermal performance of a building envelope with dynamic insulation technology in a real environment. The results showed that the dynamic insulation technology can significantly reduce heat loss through the building envelope.

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