The ancestral temple plays an important role in maintaining the lineage society in Huizhou, a historical region in East China′s Anhui Province. The study, based on surveys and drawings of seven ancient ancestral temples in the Taiping district, analyzes the overall layout characteristics, the interior space arrangement, exterior morphological characteristics and the social meaning of the space. Focusing on the peculiarity of the forms of those ancient ancestral temples, this research can provide valuable information in regard to the diversity of architectural forms within the same cultural circle.

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Currently, there are four mosques on Java Island recognized as Saka Tunggal Mosques, which employ a single wooden column as the main column, placed at the center of the prayer hall to support the roof. This unique structural system, when compared to the traditional four-column system, is remarkable even if its style is exceptional for mosques on Java Island. This study aims to provide scientific data and promote the local government′s understanding about the importance of the Saka Tunggal Mosques by focusing on the one in Banyumas, which is placed at a cultural heritage site, founded in 1871. This article was categorized as a part of an effort to revive and restore important architectural heritage sites in Indonesia. The discussion in this article will be composed of three parts. The first part will provide a description of the current condition of Banyumas′s Mosque. The second part will illustrate the renovations of the Mosque in chronological order. The third part will describe the three other Saka Tunggal Mosques in order to differentiate the specific characteristics of Banyumas′s Mosque from the context of its structural system.

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This study aims to analyze living spaces as depicted in Park Tae-won′s various fictional works set in Seoul in the 1930s, and thus to understand better the lives of citizens in those days. To clarify the significance and necessity of the study, it first examined the trends of similar studies overseas. Second, it analyzed previous studies related to urban and architectural spaces that appear in Korean literature. Lastly, it derived a differentiation by analyzing the existing researches of Park Tae-won′s works.
The analysis of residential and commercial exchange spaces used by a wide range of people in Seoul, in which modern culture was introduced, helps our understanding of the changed lifestyles and lives of people. The emergence of new types of space with Western and Japanese influences could also be found. These spaces served as the background to a variety of changes, such as changes in roles and self-consciousness, gender discrimination and hierarchical conflicts associated with political and economic characteristics at that time.

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Perimeter block housing was introduced from the 2000s as an alternative means of urban construction that has been polarized between the large-scale development of high-density high-rise buildings and the development of small plots of land. The results of this paper allow the possibility of forming building types that satisfy the standard of two consecutive daylight hours for all households by using the properties and principles of shadows in perimeter block housing. It also provides the possibility of the combination of building forms without daylight interference from the south mass by manipulating the distances between adjacent buildings at different azimuth angles. Furthermore, comparing the energy load of residential buildings as suggested from the results of the study, it was possible to confirm whether residential buildings optimized for the day-lit environment have an effect in terms of energy usage performance, and further suggested planning directions through the analysis of daylight, sunray, and energy load. The study suggests a rational methodology for the layout of residential buildings that is optimized for the day-lit environment and also considers the issue of energy performance.

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The regeneration and maintenance of large-scale station environments is planned for high functionality with integrated urban functions. Such highly functional space is required to safely and comfortably accommodate extremely dense crowds. It is more strongly required than before to objectively evaluate the design of a space in terms of crowd control. The purpose of this study is to visualize the place and the degree of local congestion in order to allow an intuitive grasp based on the analysis of crowd behavior.

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The purpose of this study is to suggest designs for apartment kitchens without major redesign for the elderly or the disabled, who are a fast growing population in Korea. According to the concept of universal design and the need to support various users as much as possible, five criteria for analysis were developed based on research on the mobility of wheelchair users: clear floor space, work flow, universal reach range, area for later use, and safety. Using the criteria developed, the accessibility and usability of five kitchen subtypes were investigated through the analysis of architectural documents. The result shows that kitchen layouts in Korean apartments are typically difficult to navigate for wheelchair users. Modification of the locations of the refrigerator, sink, and range was mainly required for appropriate clear floor space, work triangle, and countertops. Moreover, alternatives to five unit types were suggested without the need to increase the current kitchen size. For application of universal design to kitchen design, considerations for not only the size, the shape of the kitchen and its appliances but also for clear floor space, work triangle, countertop, reach range, and knee clearance formed by the location of each appliance are required.

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Integrated project delivery is advantageous in that it can reflect the constructor′s expertise at the design phase. Furthermore, integrated project delivery allows project stockholders to promptly evaluate the financial performance of design decisions. However, there are many problems among existing quantity estimation processes, including human error, loss of information during data exchange and import-export, and time delays. These problems are major obstructions to the application of integrated project delivery. In particular, when it comes to rebar in structural works, errors generated during the drafting process of structural design information have a direct impact on estimation and construction. Such errors can be resolved by employing automatic quantity estimation software that uses the structural design information. In this regard, the present study proposes an automatic rebar estimation algorithm for use in integrated project delivery, the purpose of which is to further develop the software necessary for integrated project delivery. Continued development of additional algorithms for other types of resources as well as software capable of integrating these tools will lead to excellent decision-making support tools for project stockholders, including architectural designers.

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Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), which is another key concept of BIM, are becoming globally-recognized standards. Although BIM education in schools is important in order to advance the adoption of BIM in the industry, such education has yet to be achieved. This study examines the degree of awareness and acceptance of BIM and BIM education among architecture students in Asia. A survey was conducted to measure recognition, interest, and experience with BIM and IFC among students participating in a design workshop in Busan, Korea. The students were moderately aware of BIM itself, yet had no familiarity with IFC. The more they know about BIM, the more likely they are to have an interest in it. Korean students are more aware of BIM than students from other Asian countries, and ′Upper class′ (3rd year and higher) students are more aware than ′Lower class′ (1st and 2nd year) students. This difference in awareness may be due to the strong government led initiative in Korea. Although for effective adoption of BIM and IFC, they should be introduced earlier to raise an awareness and interest in them.

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In this paper, we seek to define the path object and its properties as an instance level of a circulation path between two spaces. We further suggest the practical application of path objects in design review issues using numeric data on building circulation (NDBC) as a complete collection of circulation paths from a given Building Information Modeling (BIM) model. As the use of BIM is increasingly being implemented in architecture, engineering, and construction industries, rich data related to building objects and useful digital representations have been developed for specific circulation review tasks. Among the several benefits observed from such applications, this paper focuses on the BIM-enabled formal definition of the path object and its properties. We further demonstrate the use of several analysis applications using the NDBC. Due to the rich spatial information defined in a BIM model, path objects can be instantiated dynamically, and a specific data model for building circulation paths can be defined with a series of numeric data sets. In this paper, the formal definition of a path object and its properties are explored, and one of its NDBC applications is clarified and demonstrated for further circulation analysis tasks using a software tool developed by us.

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Rusunawa was built to anticipate the needs of low-income residents for affordable urban homes. This study identifies its diversity and designed function and evaluates the existing utilization of public spaces in Rusunawa. Furthermore, it identifies the underlying reasons for them. Structured observation is applied through person-centered mapping, with a combination of structured and unstructured interviews. Public spaces in Rusunawa can be categorized into eight locations (corridor, main stair, emergency stair, common room, building entrance, parking area, open space, and mosque), where activities of five types are identified to take place (private, social, trading, supporting, and worshiping activities). Similar backgrounds in landed houses have created a strong emotional bond among occupants and obscured the boundaries of spaces.

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The amount of risk and the occurrence of damage in construction projects have increased as construction projects are becoming larger and more complex, increasing the demands for an effective risk assessment model. Therefore, quantitative risk analysis is needed to develop a financial risk assessment model using the risk indicators for construction projects. To address this need, authors analyzed the damage records of actual construction sites in South Korea, in order to identify the critical risk factors of damage and investigate the relationships among the risk indicators to develop a loss prediction model. Authors used claim payout records from an insurance company to reflect real financial loss as the dependent variable. As independent variables, authors adopted four risk categories based on our literature review and data analysis: natural hazards, geographic information, construction method and ability, and construction information. Our loss prediction model for construction projects, along with our findings, offers fundamental guidelines for construction companies, construction project owners, and insurance companies hoping to model and predict financial loss for building construction projects.

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This study proposes a middleware based on a geographical information system (GIS) and related information as part of an initiative toward open data platforms, which has been undertaken by countries such as the USA, UK, Australia, and India through websites with names like ′data.gov′. Other governments, including Australia, with a national map of 2D map information have not yet provided GIS-based open data and open application programming interfaces (APIs). On the other hand, the Korean government has actively opened up GIS-based information called VWorld and open APIs. However, the building industry has not yet exploited this information, and it seems to lack accessibility. Therefore, authors aim to support fast and expanding open data and propose a middleware that uses VWorld as a target platform for searching, processing, and generating GIS-based open data toward realizing building information modelling (BIM) exchangeable information. A Web 2.0 based middleware should be different from a Web 1.0 counterpart so that open data from suppliers are guided and delivered to data consumers in customized data formats. Authors expect that this study will serve as a general guiding approach for harvesting GIS-based open data as soon as other governments provide open data in the near future. Therefore, it should lead to dramatic improvements in acquiring environmental information relevant to building design, thus enabling better decision-making during design.

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Urban design approaches in many Japanese cities are based on principles that are similar throughout the country without considering the variety in regional climates. Especially in cities with severe winter weather, providing desirable environments for public spaces under conditions of snow and strong winds is an important issue in urban design. This paper proposes new approaches to urban design with environmental assessments using snow and wind simulations to enable the development of original urban design concepts to improve the quality of public space. Using city blocks in downtown Sapporo, Japan as a case study, a design process flow is established together with conceptual models of city block design, assessing each of the steps of the process. The results of the assessment are then reflected back to the models and re-evaluated with an environmental assessment. With the results, the authors identify a number of principles of city block design for downtown Sapporo.

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The aim of this study is to investigate pedestrian path choice between diagonal and straight streets. We selected 16 streets including both straight and diagonal streets in Seoul for this study. We then investigated the environments and structures of these streets and surveyed pedestrians about which streets they would choose when they had no destination. First, the participants tend to choose diagonal streets. Second, street angle and street width were identified as the structural factors that had the strongest effects on path choice among diagonal streets. Some environmental factors were also found to be significant: presence of sidewalk, road pavement type, commercial use, presence of street trees, and use of the acute angle plot at an intersection. Overall, the results indicated that some structural and environmental factors associated with diagonal streets affected the pedestrian path choice.

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This paper is based on a collaborative pilot-study to ascertain the characteristic walking patterns and neighborhood features in residential areas of Seoul, Korea and Seattle, USA. As for sample sites, four case neighborhoods were selected: two from Seoul and two from in and outside of the Seattle-Shoreline areas. As for participants, thirty Korean housewives in Seoul and thirty Korean-American housewives in the Seattle area were selected respectively, and their socio-demographic characteristics, GPS records, and travel diary data for seven days were collected and analyzed. Considering the typical rainy seasons in the two cities, data collections, including the physical activity assessment by GPS devices, were carried out from May to June and from September to October in Seoul, and from July to October in Seattle during the year 2010.
Noteworthy research findings include the following: Korean participants in Seoul walk about 2.6 km on average per day, while Korean-American participants in Seattle walk about 400m on average per day. In the case sites of Seoul, 75% of grocery shopping activities happen within the neighborhood by walking, while only 17% of those activities on foot happen in the case sites of Seattle. As for the most walking activity, about 70% of total walking amounts are related to utilitarian walking in Seoul sites, while 50% of total walking are related to recreational walking in Seattle sites. Recreational walking and utilitarian walking occur separately in Seattle sites, while the two walking types are often combined in Seoul sites, which also contribute to more walking amounts and farther walking distances in Seoul sites.
This paper empirically confirms the widely held assumptions in part that residents in Seoul, a relatively high-density and high mixed-use city, walk more than those in Seattle, a relatively low-density and low mixed-use city. This paper also recognizes that in the case of both cities, more walking activities occur in the neighborhood built environment, where finely-grained street networks, small lots and blocks, various pedestrian destinations, public transit access, etc are provided in close connection. The amount and frequency of walking activities, as well as the fineness of neighborhood features, however, are remarkably different in the two cities, whose implications deserve in-depth exploration in further studies.

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This paper seeks to determine which physical elements of privately owned public spaces affect users′ impressions, which characteristics of these elements are noticed, and what impressions they cause. The study is based on a caption evaluation and semantic differential survey of 12 public spaces in the center of Tokyo. Ten participants were surveyed for each space, and 1494 of the obtained entries were analyzed. The semantic differential survey was then cross-referenced with density measures to evaluate the effect of physical elements′ densities on participants′ impressions.
It was found that the physical elements that caught users′ attention were greenery, street furniture, the building, the sidewalk and the space itself. From all of the elements, tree coverage density was the best predictor of desire to stay and rest activities in the space. A logistic regression analysis of each activity by tree density is also provided.

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This study aims to clarify the current status of the preservation and utilization of Rural People Interaction Heritage Systems (RPIHS) for the restoration of depopulated rural areas based on a case study of Nigishi District Kurokami Shrine′s traditional festival which is located in Wajima City, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. It is highlighted in this study, that the daily activities are linked with RPIHS. It is a remarkable discovery in backing up RPIHS that the organizations supporting the daily activities of the residents and RPIHS are highly linked. In order to effectively utilize and maintain the RPIHS in the future, it is crucial to determine what kind of activities and organizations are connected to the RPIHS to jointly support RPIHS. In order to accomplish this, coordination among the related policies becomes crucial and important.

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Parks are some of the most important spaces within a city and should be managed with practical standards and an efficient system. The current urban park systems however, have inflexible standards where parks are categorized by size alone. In this sense, this study focuses on (1) the provision of practical urban park management schemes and (2) suggestions regarding the adequate use range of parks using a set of empirical data. This study has (1) examined the problems of the current park management and supply system by which parks with varying attributes (such as size, characteristics, and usage) are considered and managed as a single hierarchy and has (2) investigated the use range of five parks in Seoul where the service area has not been clearly defined. Surveys were also conducted to gather information on park usage, and analyses were followed to verify if park usage had statistically significant differences by parks and hierarchy.
The findings of this study identified that the current hierarchy of regional area parks includes both neighborhood parks and regional parks in the same manner. It is expected that the results of this study may be used in suggesting the problems of the current urban park management scheme as well as primary data to consider establishing practical policies.

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This paper is based on a study of the expansion part of the architecture department building in Huazhong University of Science and Technology (hereinafter referred to as the experimental building). Thermal environment parameters, building energy consumption and other aspects of the experimental building are monitored. The results show that indoor air temperature can be improved to about 14°C in winter and 28°C in summer by the thermal regulation system, which was limited by the underground soil temperature in Wuhan. Because of the function of the under floor air distribution system, an uneven air temperature distribution is formed in the experimental building. The building energy consumption is 10.7kWh/(m2*a), much lower than the ordinary office buildings in Wuhan. In general, the experimental building can achieve a certain indoor thermal environment with low energy consumption, meeting the requirements of buildings with no-strict thermal comfort demands in the rural areas of hot summer and cold winter zone of China. A heat pump or auxiliary heating/cooling source should be added in the system to achieve a more comfortable indoor environment.

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As a form of active transport, cycling provides significant health benefits to the elderly. Among voluminous active transport-related literature, few studies have investigated the correlates of the cycling activity of urban elderly. This study explored the effects of individual, household, and built environment attributes on the frequency of cycling trips by urban elderly, with data collected from 33 urban neighborhoods of Zhongshan, China. The negative binomial regression models detect that, all else being equal, living in a neighborhood with a compact urban form and safe cycling environment is strongly connected to more cycling trips by the urban elderly. The models also suggest that attitudes towards cycling or driving and household ownership of bicycles or cars are significantly related to urban elderly′s cycling trips. The findings facilitate our understanding of the effects of built environment on cycling activity and provide insights into an effective design of interventions on health promotion of the urban elderly in China.

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The aim of this study is to find out how village regeneration of Ewha Village, a place that has become a tourism attraction, affected its residential satisfaction and settlement. Thus, through surveys conducted on residents of Ehwa Village, effects of village regeneration on settlement and on residential satisfaction were analyzed. Results of the survey showed that while the residents are satisfied with installation and maintenance of infrastructure, betterment in castle maintenance, and residential activity, they were unsatisfied with tourism vitalization, increased value of property, overall residential satisfaction, and also with settlement. The results imply that the residents are satisfied with physical maintenance of the residential environment but not with various problems caused by tourists. Path analysis results suggest that residential satisfaction is directly affected by infrastructure maintenance, improvement in castle maintenance, tour vitalization, and public management. Furthermore, while factors of village regeneration did not have any direct effect on settlement, installation and maintenance of infrastructure, tourism vitalization, and public management did indirectly affect settlement through residential satisfaction.

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In any given environment, visibility is a critical element that affects fear of crime. This study provides empirical evidence of the effects of visibility on fear of crime within elementary schools using a quantitative analysis. Spots in which children felt fear were identified, and their characteristics were analyzed according to the four visibility dimensions of: visual connectivity and visual integration, each with and without visible distance restrictions. One finding was that fear of crime was high in the areas where visibility was either extremely low or extremely high, resulting in a relationship that can be expressed as a U-shaped graph. In addition, fear of crime was associated with visibility in relation to human behaviors as well as built environments. Finally, the visibility distance was also found to be an important element affecting fear of crime.

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The purpose of this study is to determine the level of satisfaction among residents in public rental housing to solve the housing problems of low-income households. From among the various types of public rental housing, those with large differences in the physical housing environment were selected for an analysis of the environmental factors impacting tenants′ residential satisfaction. To achieve the study′s objective, the residential satisfaction of tenants in public residential housing in Seoul was researched and analyzed; results are as follows. First, the environmental factors impacting individuals living in public rental housing were described as the ″Safety and Incivility Factor″ (SIF), ″Physical Factor″ (PF), ″Facilities Accessibility Factor″ (FAF), and ″Equipment Factor″ (EF). Second, these factors were found to impact residential satisfaction of tenants in public rental apartments in the order of EF, SIF, PF, and FAF; they were found to impact the tenants of public rental general houses in the order of SIF, EF, PF, and FAF. These differences are based on the public rental housing type, which necessitates plans that consider priority improvement of residential environment factors according to housing types, to improve the residential satisfaction of tenants in both currently operating and future public rental housing.

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This paper describes the passive design strategies of Sunny Inside, which is a zero-energy solar house designed to participate in Solar Decathlon China 2013. Ecological atrium design, shading design, natural ventilation design, heat storage system design and thermal insulation design of Sunny Inside are introduced and analyzed respectively. The discussion of the building′s energy performance is based on the measured and simulated data by using several building simulation softwares in the study. Ecotect software is used to optimize the house′s shading design through simulating the shading conditions. Phoenics software is used for simulating the natural ventilation design of Sunny Inside. Designbuilder software is used in building envelope design to analyze the building′s energy consumption. The results show that Sunny Inside is reasonable in passive energy efficiency design.

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Building Envelope (BE) design is a decision-making process that involves evaluating and selecting BE assemblies. In this study, a systematic decision-making process is developed for selecting BE assemblies in the BE design process. BE systems are composed of various assemblies, and each one must have certain attributes to satisfy several expected functions. Therefore, the selection problem of an Envelope Assembly may be considered a Multi Attribute Decision Making (MADM) problem. MADM methods can be used to select assemblies based on qualitative and quantitative attributes. Feasible alternatives are selected among all possible alternatives. Next, the relative importance of attributes are determined with the AHP method and alternatives are ranked with the TOPSIS method. A case study tests applicability of the proposed process. The proposed decision-making process can help designers achieve consistent results with preliminary information for BE assembly selection problems.

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In this paper, an adaptive immune clone selection algorithm for multi-objective optimization (AICSAMO) is proposed. A novel adaptive polynomial mutation operator with dynamic mutation probability is employed in AICSAMO. This adaptive mutation operator executes a rapid global search at the earlier stage of the algorithm and a fine-tuning search at the later stage of the algorithm, which adopts generation-dependent parameters to improve the convergence speed and global optimum searching ability. The effectiveness of AICSAMO is evaluated through the truss sizing and shape optimization problems of a 10-bar plane truss and a 25-bar space truss. According to the comparison of AICSAMO with various multi-objective optimization algorithms developed recently, the simulation results illustrate that AICSAMO has remarkable performance in finding a wider spread of optimal solutions and in maintaining better uniformity of the solutions with better convergence.

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A modified macro numerical model for coupled RC shear/core walls is proposed to better consider the deformation compatibility between the coupling beam and the wall element and to incorporate the out-of-plane effect of the wall panel. In this model, the three-dimensional macro shear wall element model with distributed shear springs and out-of-plane freedom is adopted to simulate the wall unit; a one-dimensional line element consisting of three sub-units in series based on the vertical deformation compatibility is adopted to simulate the coupling beam. The case study shows that a numerical model based on the vertical deformation compatibility results in more accurate simulation of the mechanical behavior of the RC coupled shear wall. The modified model developed in this study has the advantages of fast calculation and high precision, which makes the model appropriate for engineering application.

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Before the occurrence of the Northridge earthquake in the United States and the southern Hyogo prefecture earthquake in Japan, beam-to-column moment connections for structural steel buildings were considered to have sufficient strength, stiffness, and energy dissipation capacities. Some of the beam-to-column moment connections demonstrated insufficient strength and energy dissipation capacities however, and suffered brittle failure when the Northridge and southern Hyogo prefecture earthquakes hit.
In South Korea, the use of beam-to-column moment connections, which are pre-qualified by some authorized architectural institutes, is strictly regulated by the Korean Building Code. In addition, the beam-to-column moment connections, which are summarized in the Standard Connection Detailing Guides published by the Korean Society of Steel Construction, can be recommended only for the application of structural steel buildings. The number of such recommended seismic resisting moment connections is limited, however, for the application of structural steel buildings. Therefore, this research was conducted to evaluate the flexural design strength and energy dissipation capacity of five connection types, and to examine their practical applicability for structural steel buildings in South Korea. Towards this end, three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis was conducted with respect to each of the beam-to-column moment connections.

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In this paper, a series of experimental studies conducted to investigate the fire behavior of insulated full-scale carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP)-strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) beams is presented. Four CFRP-strengthened RC beams, respectively insulated with a thick coating system, ultrathin coating system and calcium silicate board system, were tested under ISO834 standard fire exposure. The test results revealed that satisfactory fire endurance for CFRP-strengthened concrete beams can be obtained with the protection of the three systems. The major role of fire insulation materials is to delay the failure of adhesive in the early stage and reduce the performance degradation of concrete and internal reinforced bars after the bond failure of the CFRP–concrete interface. In addition, it was indicated that effective anchorages of CFRP and reasonable anchoring constructions of the insulation system played important roles in ensuring the fire-resistant capability of CFRP-strengthened concrete beams. Further, a detailed finite element model was developed as an alternative to the standard fire test. The predicted temperature and deflection results were in good agreement with the measured ones. Based on the case studies, insulation thickness, insulation thermal conductivity, CFRP amount and load ratio were proven to be the main influences of the fire resistance of insulated CFRP-strengthened beams.

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This study evaluates the flexural behavior of reinforced high-strength concrete beams with electric arc furnace (EAF) oxidizing slag aggregates. The main test parameters include the type of aggregates, compressive strength of concrete, and tension reinforcement ratio. A total of eight simply supported beam specimens subjected to four point loads are cast and tested in flexure. Two types of aggregates, natural and EAF oxidizing slag aggregates, are used in this study. The compressive strength of the concrete is designed to have normal- and high-strengths of 24 MPa and 100 MPa, respectively. The tension reinforcement ratios of beam specimens are 0.3 and 0.5 times the balanced reinforcement ratio for flexure. The experimental results indicated that the flexural strength of specimens was not affected by the type of aggregate, whereas the flexural ductility of specimens with EAF oxidizing slag aggregates was superior to that of specimens with natural aggregates, regardless of the compressive strength of concrete and the tension reinforcement ratio.

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Construction equipment is often shared among many construction projects. In a real construction project, supply of this critical equipment is often limited, which often generates negative impacts on project performance. Multiple shifts are very effective and efficient for achieving schedule acceleration while resolving resource conflicts among project activities for shareable equipment. This paper presents a novel multiple-equipment shift-scheduling model that is capable of optimizing the utilization of critical and shareable construction equipment in multiple shifts for construction projects. The model is designed to help construction planners identify and generate optimal shift work plans and schedules that can simultaneously minimize the project duration and total shareable equipment utilization cost while complying with all of the availability constraints. An example is analyzed to illustrate the use of the present model and demonstrate its new and unique capabilities in optimizing equipment utilization in multiple shifts for construction projects.

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Because the seismic performance of steel reinforced concrete (SRC) members are usually different from that of common reinforced concrete members, a modified Park-Ang damage model for SRC members is proposed in this paper. The combination coefficient of the modified damage model is derived using the related experimental results of SRC columns. Then, a formula is developed to describe the relationship between the coefficient and the parameters of the SRC columns such as the axial load ratio, steel ratio and slenderness radio. The results indicate that at the failure state of the SRC members, the modified damage index has a mean value close to 1.0 and limited scatter. The damage response of SRC members can be better represented by the modified damage model. Finally, based on the features of the skeleton curves and related research on performance classification of SRC members, the damage indexes at the principle damage states are calculated using the modified model.

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A shear wall with concrete filled steel tube (CFST) columns and encased steel truss is a new type of shear wall. To determine the seismic performance of the new shear wall, an experiment was carried on a 1/5-scale model. Based on the experimental study, the load-carrying capacity, stiffness, ductility, hysteretic property, energy dissipation and failure phenomena of the model were analyzed. It shows that the seismic performance of a shear wall with CFST columns and encased steel truss has high bearing capacity, stiffness, energy dissipation capacity and good ductility. In addition, a numerical elastic-plastic finite element (FE) analysis of a shear wall with CFST columns and encased steel truss were carried out. The computation results were in good agreement with the test results. FE software, ABAQUS, was used to change the ratio of steel truss to steel tubes and normalized axial force. The influences of different parameters of shear walls were carried out.

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At around 10 a.m. on July 5, 2011, a building shaking occurred at Techno Mart 21 located in Guui-dong, Seoul, for 10 to 15 minutes, resulting in emergency evacuation of the residents. Because this building is a 39-story building, evacuation from the upper floors took a long time. In the initial phase of the accident, the building structure was determined to be safe through an emergency safety evaluation conducted by the Korea Infrastructure Safety Corporation operated by the Korean government. Such social anxiety was further amplified by speculative reports released to the press regarding footing settlement, wind-induced vibration and climate-induced vibration prior to a review of the vibration source by an expert group. Thus, the need to discover the vibration source and to present a solution was suggested.
The purpose of the study was to conduct an initial investigation on the vibration source, identify the exact cause of the vibration through an investigation into the predicted vibration source and structural analysis, and establish the appropriate measures to prevent recurrence of such accidents.

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This study conducted hourly dynamic simulations of the thermal climate and thermal comfort of 120 blocks within the complex district of the International Low Carbon City (ILCC) by applying an urban energy balance model (UDC), during the summertime in Shenzhen. Two parameters, including the local urban heat island (LUHI) and SET*, were adopted as evaluation indices, and the temporal-spatial distributions of these parameters were discussed. The results show that the northeast blocks of the ILCC always presented higher values of LUHI and SET* compared with the lower values of the middle blocks. The LUHI values varied between different blocks at the same time, ranging between -4°C and 4°C, whereas the SET* values varied from 27.5°C to 33.5°C. The large differences in the LUHI and SET* values between these blocks may be caused by their different urban spatial patterns and the varied underlying surface compositions. Additionally, the average diurnal variation of LUHI showed more fluctuations compared with the continuous conic variation manner of SET*. The average maximum values of LUHI and SET* both occurred in the afternoon, whereas the average minimum values occurred in the early morning.

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The energy performance and thermal comfort of an office building with single and double skin facades, in a warm climate was studied using TAS software. A double-skin facade is an envelope construction that consists of two transparent surfaces separated by a cavity. The extra skin can reduce cooling demand in summer and heating demand in winter. It is concluded that in a warm climate office, a double skin facade can perform better than a single skin facade. In a warm climate a double skin facade fully provides heating and thermal comfort in winter. In a warm climate however its benefit in summer is limited. Further studies are needed to increase the performance of double skin facades in summer.

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A new regression model that considers random nature is proposed for describing summer air temperatures in urban areas through the concept of an empirical hierarchical Bayesian model. In this model, the regression coefficients of explanatory variables are regarded as having random effects because of their locations, whereas ordinal regression models do not allow such randomness. Data of air temperature, the climatic situation, and geographically related factors in the Kinki area were collected and compiled by GIS, and then applied to both the new model and the standard regression models. The performances of the models were compared and their differences were discussed in relation to the geographic or climatic situations. It was established that the proposed model succeeded in accounting for the random nature and it predicted air temperature more accurately than the standard models based on the MCMC simulation. Furthermore, the confidence intervals of the values predicted by the new model became more rigid than for the ordinal regression models. This means that the new model is capable of presenting a more accurate picture without affecting the convenience of the ordinary regression models.

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Based on an experimental study, this paper discusses the savings obtained by various kinds of single-layer and double-layer glass panels on the cooling power consumption in the air-conditioning of buildings. Heat transfer coefficients are measured in order to evaluate the savings obtained. Results show that double-layer glass panels offer significantly larger savings compared to single-layer glass panels, and the flow of the air layer within the double-layer glass panels is not significantly helpful to improve the energy-saving effects. It is also found that the Low-E glass material has the greatest reduction effects.

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This study presents ventilation guidelines for underground parking lots for building designers. The guidelines are classified into those for natural ventilation and those for mechanical ventilation. CONTAMW was used to study the natural ventilation of underground parking lots. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to study the ventilation efficiency of the mechanical ventilation system. The study results are as follows: 1) Underground parking lots had the lowest seasonal natural ventilation rates in the period between winter and summer when the difference between the indoor and outdoor temperatures was small. 2) In an apartment building, the required ventilation rate for the underground parking lots could be secured for up to 40 parked cars by natural ventilation alone, regardless of season. 3) In business facilities, the required ventilation rate could be secured for up to 38 parked cars when the difference between the indoor and outdoor temperatures was 3°C in the period between winter and summer. 4) In the case of the mechanical ventilation of the underground parking lots, the best ventilation efficiency was observed with a downward air supply system of jet fans in combination with an air supply near the floor and an air exhaust near the ceiling.

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