This paper presents the result of a study on the use of sawdust waste incineration fly ash (SWIFA) as supplementary cementing materials. Tests on the setting times and strength development of cement paste and mortar with up to 30 percent SWIFA were carried out. Results of the setting times and compressive strengths show that with increasing amounts of SWIFA, the setting times of the paste were extended and the compressive strengths decreased. Pozzolanic activity index of the material was also confirmed to be approximately 76 percent and that the material performed better in a nitric acid solution environment than in sulphuric acid solution.

抄録全体を表示

This paper presents the regression equation for predicting compressive strength of in-situ concrete. For this purpose, this study used the data of mixture proportions of ready-mixed concrete and test results of compressive strength at construction sites.
This study used 1442 compressive strength test results obtained from the specimens having 59 different kinds of mixtures with specified compressive strength of 18~27MPa, water-cement ratio of 0.39~0.62, maximum aggregate size of 25mm, and slump of 12~15cm.
Principal factors that influence compressive strength of concrete are selected by a correlation analysis, and then the multiple linear regression analysis is carried out for predicting compressive strength according to water-cement ratio or cement-water ratio, cement contents and cement-aggregate ratio.

抄録全体を表示

Loss of rebars can be minimized with minimum use of discrete bars in market length. In order to achieve this goal, the accurate and detailed information of rebars is extracted, followed by both rapid and efficient bar combination. No paper has dealt directly with the reduction of rebar waste rates, although many researches have proposed indirect approaches to enhance productivity, constructability, safety and quality in the process of concrete reinforcement work. This paper, therefore, was prepared with the aim of developing algorithms to supply rebars required to minimize material waste during cutting and bending of discrete bars in rebar shops. At the same time, this study presented an automatic rebar detailing concept, a logical process of rebar combination with pertinent algorithms and binary search algorithm for bar data to implement the proposed topic. The effectiveness of the suggested algorithms was validated by case studies.

抄録全体を表示

In previous studies, an analytical method has been developed for design of spread foundations. A hybrid analysis model with nonlinear discrete springs was proposed (2002) and predictions were made of load-settlement behavior of circular plates in loading tests. The analysis results were in good agreement with test results for small settlement but departed gradually from the test results as the settlements increased, because soil shear failure was neglected. Then, a method was developed for taking into account local soil shear failure. A model was built up and applied in loading tests on square plates for clay and sandy soils (2003). The purpose of current study is to expand the use of this hybrid model considering local shear failure for analysis of circular and square plates for both clayey and sandy soils. Vertical loads are predicted for given settlements. Comparisons are made between test results and analyses with and without consideration of local shear failure. And the results are shown to be greatly improved after consideration of local shear failure. It shows that the proposed method can be very validly used for nonlinear behavior analysis of steel plate even considering local shear failure.

抄録全体を表示

This paper introduces an application of wave propagation modeling to building response investigation. We have analyzed the computed responses of analytical building models and the obtained strong-motion records for forty-one actual buildings during five different earthquakes by using the normalized input output minimization (NIOM) method. This method can model wave propagation in multiple linear systems by considering the statistical correlation of the earthquake motions at different observation locations, and can reveal the arrival times of incident and reflected waves as well as their relative amplitudes. From these values, the fundamental period and the damping ratio of the building could be simply estimated. The estimated values were then compared with the values for the analytical building models, the values estimated in the previous studies for the actual buildings, and the building code formula.

抄録全体を表示

This paper presents the results of a static lateral loading test performed on a traditional timber farmhouse in Japan. The aim of this research is to clarify the horizontal load carrying capacity and the failure mode of this type of house by full-scale experiment. The house is situated in Yamaguchi prefecture, which is in the southwestern part of Japan, and was built in the late 18th century. The experiment was performed by placing static loading equipment within the house, and placing two reaction supporting systems outside the house. A lateral cyclic loading test was carried out and the maximum lateral load and the failure mode were determined. Static analysis using a theoretical mud wall model was also performed. The results of this analysis are discussed in comparison with those of the experiment.

抄録全体を表示

In order to understand the actual conditions of urban residential indoor environment, indoor thermal comfort and indoor air quality in Beijing during the summer season, the investigation of indoor environment was carried out in Beijing, from August 21 to August 25 of 2002. Results of this investigation were compared with the results in other cities, which was already reported.
The questionnaire revealed the life style within residences of summer season, the types of air-conditioners used etc. This field survey showed that the indoor thermal comfort during the mid-day, evening hours and sleeping time in Beijing felt outside the ASHRAE comfort zone and the concentrations of formaldehyde and VOCs were relatively high in some houses.

抄録全体を表示

The human body is enveloped in a natural convection that is created by the body′s own metabolic heat. This natural convection does not cover the body′s surface equally, however, so disturbances caused by outside airflows are also not equal over the body surface. In this study, horizontal local airflows of various temperatures and velocities were directed at two locations on the bodies of several subjects: the backs of the necks and the left sides of the ankles. In this paper, the subjects′ perceptions of temperature and air motion at both locations were compared during experiments held in winter. Airflows directed at the ankles were perceived to be higher in temperature and velocity than identical airflows directed at the back of the necks, while airflows directed at the neck produced greater thermal comfort than identical airflows directed at the ankles. Therefore, the percentage of dissatisfied (PD) was smaller at the neck than at the ankles. In practical terms, to prevent the sensation of being cold, low-temperature airflows directed at the ankles should be avoided, and to increase comfort at the neck, high-temperature, high-velocity airflows should be avoided.

抄録全体を表示

Recently, prediction of the wind environment around a high-rise building using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been carried out at the practical design stage. However, very few studies have examined the accuracy of CFD including the velocity distribution at pedestrian level. Thus, a working group for CFD prediction of the wind environment around a building was organized by the Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ). This group consisted of researchers from several universities and private companies. In the first stage of the project, the working group planned to carry out cross comparison of CFD results of flow around a single high-rise building model placed within the surface boundary layer and flow within a building complex in an actual urban area obtained from various numerical methods. This was done in order to clarify the major factors affecting prediction accuracy. This paper presents the results of this comparison.

抄録全体を表示

As is well known, a moving person affects the stratification of indoor air and enhances the mixing in ventilated rooms with a displacement ventilation system. This paper describes the effect of moving object on the performance evaluation of displacement ventilation, by means of an experiment using a movable heated human model in a full scale room model. Distributions of air temperature and tracer gas concentration were measured to investigate the effect of the moving object′s direction, mode and speed on distribution of air in the room, and ventilation effectiveness. As a result of experiment, the moving object mode and speed showed a significant effect on the air temperature distribution and ventilation effectiveness.

抄録全体を表示

LCC (Life Cycle Cost) analysis is a practical method and a guideline for evaluating the economic performance of building service systems. By using the LCC analysis, the most cost-effective design decision can be made, which has the lowest LCC during the project study period among the various design alternatives. The present case shows an example of appropriate use of the LCC analysis, by demonstrating the procedures of decision-making among alternative building HVAC systems at Community Center and Congress Hall of a Local Government.

抄録全体を表示

We developed a neural network model describing the process in which disturbance conditions, such as outdoor air temperature, and activity conditions, such as indoor air temperature and humidity, affected the chilled water thermal quantity for HVAC systems in a commercial building in the city of Kitakyushu, Japan within three years after its completion. The influence of each of the disturbance conditions and the activity conditions, which changed every year, on the chilled water thermal quantity was diagnosed quantitatively by a numerical simulation using these models, and how to macroscopically evaluate the carried-out energy-saving activity was shown.

抄録全体を表示

A method of evaluating the thermal performance of floor heating systems is examined as a commissioning tool. A simple method is needed to check a floor heating system while in use by residents, because evaluation currently requires significant time and effort. Therefore, a commissioning process consisting of three steps was proposed and applied to four residences. The performance of a floor heating system was estimated in these three steps: (1) efficiency was estimated from the room temperature and the energy consumption with the floor surface temperature kept constant, (2) crawl space temperature was compared with the system on and off (a hot-water floor heating system raised the crawl space temperature), (3) heat flow from the floor panel was analyzed by a one-dimensional heat conduction calculation using detailed measured data. The feasibility of estimating the thermal characteristics of the floor was shown by fitting the average and amplitude of the measured temperatures to the calculated value.

抄録全体を表示

Regarding drainage piping systems with food disposers in actual super high-rise apartment houses with a height 100m, results were acquired from the experiments for the initial performance evaluation before habitation as well as the running performance evaluation by drainage load prediction after habitation. The knowledge, which contributed to a performance test, was also acquired. Before habitation, the maximum number of 6 simultaneous units of garbage wastewater, bowl flushing water, etc. was loaded. The maximum and minimum air pressure values in pipes were checked in line with the performance criteria of SHASE-S, and the safety of the initial performance was also verified. After habitation, the maximum number of simultaneous drainages was predicted and it was found that the figure recorded at the time of the initial performance verification was satisfactory. Moreover, the running pressure values in 99% of the occurrence probability were acquired, and the safety of running performance was also verified. Furthermore, the relation between the house drain′s water level as a drainage load index and the pressure was determined, and as a result of comparison of pre-habitation and post-habitation, it was confirmed that there was no significant performance deterioration caused by long-term use.

抄録全体を表示

The aim of the present study is to decrease environmental impacts, particularly of cooling in tropical areas such as Thailand by utilizing passive cooling methods. To utilize passive cooling methods effectively, it is important to understand the climatic characteristics of each region through out the year. The current paper introduces the methodology of meteorological data arrangement and visualization of climatic characteristics in composing the climatic maps. The investigation showed the details of climatic distributions would be useful for the thermal environment design. Moreover, consideration of natural energy utilization in passive cooling design would be the logical next step.

抄録全体を表示

To represent the expansion and mutual insertion of spaces by the innate transparency of glass and express new possibility of high technology, some architects apply glass to the outer skin of a building. Though glass-skin buildings economize in the lighting and heating energy in winter, these buildings which are often designed without considering solar gain in the summer and glass conduction in winter, there are many problems such as poor built environment, energy waste and so on.
This study aims to provide architects with useful information by comparing with several alternatives, including double skin system etc., to save the energy as well as increase the quality of indoor environment without interfering with the expressed intention which an architect shows to the public by applying glass to the outer skin of building.
As results of this study, 1) in the temperature measurements, the surface temperature of glass skin increase by 50°C in small glass-skin buildings. Therefore it makes occupants feel serious discomfort by MRT and cause the increase of cooling load. 2) It is difficult to reduce the cooling load in small glass-skin buildings with considering indoor environment and energy problems rather than heating load. To solve that problem, double skin system is applied to design method with enough intermediate space and shading devices.

抄録全体を表示

In this study, we discuss the unique characteristics of apartment unit plan design in Korea, which we assume to have been influenced by economic logic. This research is based on two basic approaches in looking at the apartment: first is from the functional approach that an apartment is a ″home″ where people live; and second is from an economic approach of viewing an apartment as property with economic value. This study focuses on how the unit design of apartments in Korea has evolved, and how use value and exchange value have influenced this change. Use value is related to the characteristics an apartment has as a ″home″ while the exchange value is related to its characteristics as property. For the purpose of this study, ″Effective Area″ is suggested as a conceptual parameter for the description of use-exchange value of the apartment.
It is argued that the use value and exchange value have produced specific physical characteristics in the unit plan: the predominance of the living room-centered unit plan over the bedroom cluster; the prevalence of the stair type building apartment over corridor types; the emergence of wrapping balconies; and the reduction of closet areas in the unit plan. These characteristics are the results from the dominance of the exchange value in plan design, and do not always enhance the use value of the housing.

抄録全体を表示

In this report, the authors analyzed the relationship between the living environments and the attitudes of residents and the characteristics of apartment buildings through the visual survey of use of common spaces around two apartment buildings of different layouts and the questionnaire survey of residents in the built-up area of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, and clarified the necessity of living planning based on the interpenetration of residents, activities and spaces. The trends and characteristics of living spaces in the districts and future subjects were grasped from a comprehensive perspective by making a comparative analysis of the on-site survey results and the answers to the questionnaire.

抄録全体を表示

Many hospital patients are immobile. Therefore, evacuation assessment regulations for hospital buildings should be more demanding than for other buildings. The Taiwan Building Code has established some limitations on population density of some divisions in medical facilities. However, evacuation assessment is still difficult due to the lack of information about the speeds with which different people can move or be moved. People′ speeds and population density has been investigated in this study. The results show average speeds for four types of people are 1.28 m/sec for people with no restricted movement, 0.55 m/sec for those moving with restriction, 0.82 m/sec for those requiring the most assistance, and 0 m/sec for those can′t leaving from hospital. Population densities in administration and policlinic zones are lower than the standard in the Taiwan Building Code and in neonatology rooms, they are higher.

抄録全体を表示

This paper attempted to present a method to solve site-planning problems of the Multistory Row House Cluster (MRHC) with parallel layout by the Multi-Agent System (MAS). The solutions were generated entirely by the interactions of the agents, who represented the users in pursuit of better living conditions for their dwelling units. Thus, they are analogous to the ″user-oriented″ layout. The standard solution differed from the popular layout in Beijing in that the public Green Land (GL) was separated and located on the southeast and southwest corners of MRHC. Comparing a diversity of layouts, the solution showed the following characteristics: 1) the highest average level of living conditions of dwelling units; 2) the comparatively homogeneous living conditions in dwelling units; and 3) the fewest dwelling units with poorly evaluated living conditions. In addition, this study also examined the relationships between the average living conditions in the solutions and the attributes of the plot, including the plot ratio and aspect ratio.

抄録全体を表示

This paper introduces new graph geometric measures and models for architectural planning. Based upon geometrical distance among nodes, the ′minimum-path graph′ is proposed to analyse all shortest-path traversal from every to every other space in a network. By applying the geometric graph, two spatial models are created in order to represent node′s centrality and edge′s optimal passage capacity. They describe specific values for each individual space with regards to the overall system.
The graph geometry primarily aims to assist architect planners to clarify the underlying geometric potential of space with more accuracy. In a near future, it is also hoped that the new geometric measures and models will further deepen, and widen, our planning knowledge for architectural and urban space network.

抄録全体を表示

This study is aimed to suggest an instrument for useful Public Open Space desing. For this purpose, all of 156 POS in Fukuoka, Japan, are investigated by the type to clarify the relation between POS and use of buildings and its circumstance. This shows that (i) Pedestrian Road type should be designed in relation to existing public sidewalk conditions; (ii) General Open Space type should be designed in relation to the location in the lot; (iii) major problems on both PR type and GOS type are occurred in office buildings of which lot area is 1000-1500m²; (iv) ideal design are often in office building; and (v) barricades are placed often in the case of housings. With these results, a flow of consultation, design considerations checklist and amendment of Fukuoka regulations including design guidelines are proposed.

抄録全体を表示

Kampung Luar Batang today is located at the northern end of Jakarta, which belongs to former Sunda Kelapa, the oldest area of Jakarta, about 100 meters to northwest of Kota (Batavia). The oldest mosque, Al-Aydrus Masjid, which was built in 1739, is located in Kampung Luar Batang and attracts pilgrims from other areas of Jakarta city, and had been declared as one of cultural heritages by the issuance of Governor Decree No. 475/1993. However, the area suffered a huge influx of population especially after independent, because of which its living environmental condition has deteriorated. Although modern buildings dominate in Kampung Luar Batang, traditional houses or houses with features of traditional architecture still exist in the kampung. How to improve the living condition and preserve the historical features of the built environment are important and urgent questions. This paper, based on the field survey, clarifies the formation and transformation process of Kampung Luar Batang and discusses the problems for the future improvement.

抄録全体を表示

This article analyzes the use of elevated urban railways as a contemporary urban development, evaluating such with respect to the problem of permanent barrier effects inside the city created by depressed or embankment railway typologies. Elevated urban railways are examined through discussion of approaches employed in both western and Japanese cities. An analysis of the types of urban interaction formed by Tokyo′s JR Yamanote line, by means of site photographs and schematic rail-section representations at some of its elevated areas, demonstrates how the use of land under this line – gapspaces – generates diverse dynamic interactions with the city. In conclusion, the author argues that this potential in elevated railways can be an urban tool to induce or reduce urban barrier effects and enhance and support interactivity when such is desirable.

抄録全体を表示

This paper aims at critically reviewing a number of theories and previous studies on the origin of the Javanese mosque. Some theories have been put forward by Dutch archeologists and historians since the 1930s, and were subject to debate until 1960s. Beyond this time, the debate was continued by an Indonesian archeologist in 1962/1963 and a French scholar in 1985. All of these theories will be reviewed as there are some doubts and unclear parts. The problems of each theory will be explained and discussed. Based on this review and critique, the most reliable theory will be asserted with new arguments and some evidence from Javanese temple reliefs.

抄録全体を表示

This study analyses the ground plans and frontage widths of selected residential quadrangles of the historic core of Patan and shows that the dwelling plots were divided according to a standard method that applied to varying sizes of the courtyard settlement blocks. The size of the plots and frontages is determined by the size of the open courtyards, and their layout follows the swastika pattern, an ancient symbol sacred to both Buddhist and Hindu traditions, and which the paper finds as one of the rational ways of division to get the uniform distribution of the plots within a courtyard system of settlement. The study further shows the relationship of this pattern of division and plot planning to the layout of Buddhist monastery architecture, indicating that the form of the monastery could have been the model to inspire the planning idea of the larger residential courtyard settlements of Patan.

抄録全体を表示

The architectural tradition from Vitruvius, Alberti, Filarete, and Di Giorgio Martini to Le Corbusier can be characterized as anthropomorphic insofar as it consciously appeals to the human body as the standard of proportion and figure. However, the body has maintained an elusive relationship to the built environment, despite a long history of presuming the naturalness of this relationship and building simply as the image of man. Elaine Scarry′s The Body in Pain and Maurice Merleau–Ponty′s The Visible and Invisible contribute to a relevant twentieth–century body image. This body image differs from that of early modernity. Early modern philosophers and architects conceived the body as a rational, symmetric whole, and they transferred this symmetry to their buildings. The twentieth century body image is not symmetrical and whole but fragmented and re–incorporated. Therefore, it is not often reflected in our built world. Thinking with the body is merely another mode of inhabiting the world, and should be considered on equal footing with other modes of thought. Perception is neither a passive registering nor an active imposing of a meaning; it is ″a living dialogue″ between the body and things. Based on vision and experience, Scarpa used implicitly a conceptual body and the physical body of the visitor. By adopting the basic position of Merleau–Ponty about the primacy of perception, this study is intended to discuss how the structure of the phenomenological body implies the structure of the entire perceptual field, and identify how Scarpa in the Brion Cemetery conceives the method of architectural signification based upon the body and its physical relationship with the forms.

抄録全体を表示

Case studies have been used as a means to inspire design activity. Design is about the creation of form that integrates aesthetic intention, functional performance and material durability into a spatial entity. Because the appearance of a building is easier to evaluate than its other intangible qualities, case studies are often simplified into an analysis of form that emphasizes the abstract perfection of an ideal form itself. This makes case studies a systematic way to provide ideal architectural forms to copy rather than inspire original design. A form involves not simply what is done, but also how it is done. If the purpose of case studies is to inspire creation, the conception of form that translates a concept into physical and spatial form, therefore becomes the focus of case study analysis.
The paper proposes a case study analytical model. Through analyzing the key words found in a discourse and the corresponding formal expressions in a chosen architect′s works, what we can learn from a case study is the coherence and legitimacy of the relationship between concept and form.

抄録全体を表示

With respect to our paper published in the November, 2003 issue of this journal, ″A Study on the Landscape of Japanese and Chinese Gardens″, there were omissions found, which we would like to correct and apologize for by means of this journal.

抄録全体を表示