This paper conducts empirical analysis, distinguishing between natural resource types, and implies that it is not appropriate to treat them all alike to address low economic growth rates in resource abundant countries. Particularly, we distinguish between fuel and metal resources, the export of the latter being found particularly harmful for the economic growth. In addition, only fuel exports have significant negative effect on quality of the institutions. The empirical results on economic growth are supported by a theoretical model, which shows that a capital intensive non-traded sector supports growth as traded sector labor falls with increase in fuel price. In case of metals, utilization of the resource in s traded sector as input, rather than exporting for dividends, helps to keep traded sector labor force and if the traded sector is relatively capital intensive it is possible to achieve positive growth rates.

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Using an overlapping generations model with endogenous fertility, we show that the intragenerational efficiency policy of short-lived government requires policy interventions to make the relative cost of children higher in a decentralized system. Increased life expectancy can result in improvement of environmental quality if the elasticity of marginal utility of children is less than one. Longevity does not necessarily slow long-term population growth if the elasticity of marginal utility of the environment is less than one. Population aging expands the policy intervention, raising the relative cost of children more, if longevity is associated with the improved environment.

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本稿では金銭的な動機づけに加え，仕事から達成感を得るために仕事をするなどといった内発的に動機づけられた労働者を想定し，内発的動機の大きさが最適契約に与える効果を分析する．その際，プロジェクト費用の情報収集を労働者に委託し，その報告を基にプロジェクトを実行するか否かを決める情報収集モデルを用いる．結果は，直感に反して内発的動機が大きすぎる場合，企業の利得は内発的動機の程度の減少関数となるというものであった．

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知識のスピルオーバーや研究活動の地理的近接性は，多くの先行研究で検証され注目されている．近年では，共同研究を行う研究機関間の距離に着目し，地理的近接性が共同研究を誘発する要因となることが確認されている．本研究では，大学や企業といった関連する研究機関の違いが，共同研究における研究機関間の地理的近接性の重要性や度合いに変化をもたらすのか検証する．Duranton and Overman（2005）のK 密度アプローチを用いて，各種共同研究の地理的近接性の有無と度合いを算出し，算出結果を各種共同研究間で比較を行う．特に，企業間共同研究と産学間共同研究の比較と，Resesarch University が関連する産学間共同研究とその他の大学が関連する産学間共同研究の比較を行う．分析の結果，いずれの共同研究においても地理的近接性が有意に検出された．しかし，地理的近接性の度合いは各種共同研究によって異なり，産学間共同研究よりも企業間共同研究の方が，Research University 関連共同研究よりその他大学関連共同研究の方が，重要性が高いことが結果より示された．

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By introducing public health expenditure into an overlapping-generations model with public education, we study how public health expenditure and public education affect human capital formation and social welfare in a small open economy. This paper shows that, with a constant wage tax rate, changing the allocation rate from public health improvements to public investment in education increases the growth rate of human capital and private expenditure for education. Furthermore, when the elasticity of reallocation on human capital growth is sufficiently high, such a change enhances welfare and increases public health expenditure during the subsequent period.

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