The proportion of women working in research and development is much lower in Japan than other industrialized nations, and little has been investigated about the issues these women face. Career persistence among female professionals is one of the important issues. Using a recent national sample of female research and development engineers, we investigate; (1) the relationships between family status, unavailability of time for self, perceptions of worklife imbalance, and intentions to persist in engineering careers, (2) the relationship between professional role confidence as engineers and intentions to persist in engineering careers, and (3) the moderating role of professional role confidence in the relationship between family status or work-life imbalance and career persistence. Results showed that family status and unavailability of time for self were not related to attitudes towards persisting in engineering careers. However, perceptions of work-life imbalance were negatively associated with career persistence. Professional role confidence was positively related to persistence, but we did not find a moderating role for it in the relationship between work-life imbalance and career persistence.

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The purpose of this paper is to investigates predictors for subjective and objective phenomena of withdrawal behaviors, e.g. absenteeism, turnover intention etc. As the most important predictor, this research takes psychological capital, and as other predictors it takes leadership and stress. The data were collected from Chinese 300 employees of an apparel maker in China. Psychological capital, leadership, and stress affected turnover intention and absenteeism. Stress mediated the relationship between psychological capital and absenteeism. Stress also mediated the relationship between psychological capital and turnover intention. Implications of this study's findings were discussed.

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