With the information-oriented society or globalization as the background, it has become more important for enterprises to evaluate their management results in the view of not only customers but also Shareholders, employees and environment, etc. Up to the present, these evaluations have been discussed separately like financial analysis and customer satisfaction survey. In this paper, we defined stakeholder management to establish a good relationship with the interested parties and promote the sustainable development of them. We considered the objective and significance, and proposed a framework of stakeholder management. We took up 4 stakeholders such as customers, Shareholders, employees and community/environment and made the whole evaluation factors of stakeholder management clear.

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In 1981, the Japanese Corporation Law adopted the rule where corporate directors and auditors had to provide the limited information requested at the shareholder's meeting. This law, known as Article 237-3 of the Corporation Law, is based on the German counterpart although shareholder's rights under the Japanese law is restricted compared to its mother law. As shareholder's rights has been limited, an accountability of directors and auditors has become a contradiction in terms: while directors and auditors are obliged to inform shareholders at the company's general meeting, the information which should be disclosed are restricted by law. In light of the current information-oriented society, such situation is unfavorable. It is therefore suggested either to scrap the Article 237-3 or to clarify the shareholders fundamental rights further.

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Just as the invention of the power transmission by the alternating current brought about the energy revolution, the invention of the information transmission through the packet switching has brought about present day IT revolution. However, IT revolution per se is a neutral and value-free technology and such topics as business ethics and information technology and cyber ethics are mostly discussed in terms of the traditional approach of Kantian categorical imperative versus Benthamian utilitarianism.

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Recently,companies use a lot of personal information, and can perform detailed customer analysis. Thereby, a consumer can receive the customized service. On the other hand,privacy consciousness is increasing especially in recent years, and there are also many consumers who have a feeling of dislike to "use of personal information". It is not enough for development of the business using personal information just to offer an innovative product and service. Companies rethink their privacy policies as public concerns grows. Based on such a view, this paper examined the factor required since the business using personal information is accepted in society centering on the case of U.S. Credit bureau

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Engaging to the business ethics is summarized for the approach from three viewpoints. (1)Corporate governance (2)Risk management (3)Management inspection These three viewpoints are classification for convenience' sake. Actual engaging is the shape which each was mixed with. This thesis argues from the viewpoint of the risk management and the management inspection. Ethics inspection evaluates a degree of practice of the business ethics and a degree of actual effect. Therefore, the thing that a question to the person was combined with the investigation in the spot is appropriate for the ethics inspection. As for the question to the person, objective evaluation becomes possible with what the administrator, general employee does to more than one class. The question to the outside of the office (in such cases as the customer, client) is done by the case, too. It is done that ethics inspection is different from the usual internal inspection in the same time toward the multiple section multiple classes. That reason is to be the subject that enterprise ethics are all the company targets, the critical mind which an employee is common to can be shared, it is in such cases as the thing that a thing between the section and relative evaluation between the classes can be done. Application to the ethics inspection of Control Self-Assessment (CSA) is made a future research subject.

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Carryng out ongoing audits/evaluations or monitoring of performance is indispensable to institutionalize not only corporate governance but also business ethics as well. The practice of "ethics audits" is not predominent, yet but soon its importance would be highly evaluated. Three ways of auditing are suggested to implement effective audits, together with actual examples, and the new directions to be taken are discussed.

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It is said corporate citizenship is good business. Many major corporations promote corporate citizenship by knowing that it will bring benefits to the company in the long run, such as better corporate image and stable corporate-community relationship. Though most people put emphasis on the managerial meaning of corporate citizenship, this paper provides another perspective. That is the ethical aspect. Without ethical motivation, even a company donates a lot of money or time for philanthropic activities, it is still not qualified enough to be called good corporate citizen. This paper presents that corporate citizenship includes economic and ethical implications at the same time.

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In this paper, Social Impact of SCM is discussed from the view points of the Information Ethics, and Information Ethics are expressed as "deeply social welfare-oriented". Focusing on the characteristics of the information, especially "power", it would be clear that introduction & use of SCM make our society worse, mainly unemployment.

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This study is on how to make breakthroughs in R&D of Japanese companies by promoting their business ethics. It is said that the competitive power of Japanese companies in global market has been declining recently. To heighten it is one of the problems that has confronted them. In order to realize it, they should do their best to make competitive products by making breakthroughs in R&D. In examining effective measures, they should take two things into consideration. The first is that there are very close interrelations between the way they would wrestle with the R&D activities and the level of their business ethics. The second is that the accumulation of original technology, managerial strategy and R&D organization are three neccesary conditions that rule the research activities for breakthroughs in Japanese companies. To make breakthroughs in R&D, they should promote their business ethics by strong leadership of top management and meet three neccessary conditions.

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The logistics activities in the sense of the physical flow and stock of goods, account for about 10% of GDP, an key sector in the national economy. However, this sector has neither been properly understood nor recognized to its importance. The structural change of the economy and IT innovation in recent years changed this situation to draw management's attention unprecedentedly to these activities. The global management and competition have necessitated and enabled the logistics centered managerial reform such as SCM (Supply Chain Management) which are remarkably broadening the domains of logistics activities and redefining their concepts and nature of the logistics service industries. In this argument, the writer is intending to discuss its changing phases in relation to its shifting nature and paradigm with which the business ethics of the logistics service industries are to be aligned.

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We have to learn the essence of business ethics from Ryoi Suminokura and his son,Soan,who,based on Kyoto,had a splendid performance in a trade business about 400 years ago when the era changed to the Azuchi-Momoyama and the Edo period after the Sengoku.They regulated "Shuuchuu-kiyaku" (舟中規約) , or the code on the shipboard,which showed their creed that the profit is only the result from their confidence and obligation.We can understand its value from the fact that it was submitted through his Friend Seika Fujiwara (藤原惺窩) to "Shuin-sen" (朱印船) on 1603,the first trading ship to abroad authorized by the goverment of Edo.Still more it is also remarkable that Ryoi tried to increase social welfare and public interest,excavating riversby his own property or supporting to learning,art,science and culture.

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In the historical process of Japanese Economy, Executives eagerly have been trying not only to absorb the science and technology from Europe, but to put traditional worship from the Buddhism. As case study of this significance, I would express two excellent Executives, First, Mr.Chubei. Itoh. First, Founder of ITOCHU Corp. and Marubeni Corp., always emphasized humanity, diligence, and progressive mind, coming strongly from, early days, his teacher in Buddhism, Rev. Shichiri Wajyo., lived in Hakata., worshiped Jodo Shinshu Sect. He respected his business as "the way of Bodhisattva" for human happiness and prosperity. Secondly, Mr.T. Dokoh ,as many know, reconstructed IHI(Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industry) and Toshiba(Tokyo Shibaura Electronic Co.), became the Fourth Chairman of Keidanren ,and lastly the Chairman of the Administrative Reformation Council. He was called "Man of Reconstruction". His daily life was very simple and fixed hard as once NHK televised special documentary program. His worship, Nichiren Sect, was from his Mother, since his childhood. He treated each employee as equal partner, opening everything. Daily life itself was the spirit of "Eternal Living with Buddha", and he also respected "Make others' happy with the things received and not hoard them for myself." as Mr.C. Itoh did thorough "the way of Bodhisattava".

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In resent years, the discussions about ethical behavior of organization are increasing in business administration. But, what does it mean organizational ethics? And, how is it systematized about organizational ethics for social philosophy? Then, I interpret organizational ethics from a Christian philosopher Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologiae, because business administration as social science is made in Western Europe including European spirituality. In Summa Theologiae, organization is not only a union based on human nature, but also a moral unit; organization is an ordered corporation by mutual aid (mutua obsequia), which intends to create a good society (societas). This Thomas's view of organization is based on Thomas's view of God-Person relation. Thomas explains God as Good itself. And Person is created as the image of God (imago Dei). So, person is ordered as an existence intending to be Good.

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This paper reports the results of a preliminary analysis of a nine-person interview survey conducted in 2000 by the members of the Empirical Research Working Group of JABES in relation to organizational development for building an ethical and competitive organization. The ultimate purpose of the study is to propose a model for the development of an ethical system consistent with the culture of the organization. We have just started implementing an organizational development program and are in the early stage (step four) of the program. In the future, we will have further interviews and questionnaire surveys, and then will suggest some academic and practical implications.

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The purpose of this study is to present first-hand reports of Japanese managers' perceptions of ethics in their corporate lives, to enhance understanding of ethics-at-work in business organizations, and then to suggest effective ways of institutionalizing ethics. This paper summarizes the results and findings of in-depth interviews with twenty-seven managers in three Japanese corporations which had been making overt efforts to institutionalize ethics.

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本論文は、非言語的慣習および、非伝達的であり下位小集団に多様性をもって内在的、暗黙的な、経営意思決定上の倫理統制情報、即ち、通常の管理会計上のセマンティックアカウンティングフレームと異なる非言語、暗黙的なシンタクス情報を、管理会計情報として数量化するための大域的モデリングに関する一議論である。本稿はこの管理会計上の議論を、ICT教育ビジネスモデルに限定化する。本論文は、大域的なシンタクシュアルな経営意思決定上の倫理情報の計測化は、一次的なセマンティクス知識システムに対して二次的にこれら情報を変換する知識システムを計画する事で、実装計画が可能な事を、先験議論の再構築により示すものである。

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Investigating the causes of medical accidents, we have seen managerial factors behind apparent errors and mistakes. In the bottom of managerial factors, we have also found ethical issues on the business structure. In order to prevent medical accidents, it is important not to pursuit the personal responsibility but to improve the structural weakness. Both risk management systems and the compliance of business ethics should be adopted at the same time in the daily operation of a medical entity. Establishing value system 'Safety First' as the medical culture would be the most important of all. We could have learned many lessons and examples of 'Safety First Concept' from the industrial world.

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The discussion in this article is based on a hypothesis as follows. If all of the members of a corporation have shared ethical value as organizational culture to such an extent that the corporation reflects the value into the corporate strategy, the powerful corporate competitiveness will be created. This article analyzes ethical matter in pharmaceutical company, and argues some framework of the effective use of ethical value in organization. Furthermore, the framework is applied to the cases of the strategic responses by pharmaceutical companies in the harmful effect of medicine.

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Japan has reached the stage of Aged Society in 1995 and is still aging, thus, many people have come to worry about the future because it is commonly noted that Japan's prosperity have depended on the plenty supply of excellent labor force. But such a condition cannot be expected any more, therefore, some people are very eager to introduce foreign labor force into Japan or change the current economic system to American's. However, not only those ideas cannot work as solution but also cause various kind of moral hazards in Japan. This study sets its focus on the nature of the aging society and analizes the ethical issues peculiar to the soceity.

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株式会社は、産業革命による企業規模の圧倒的拡大という社会的・経済的必要性に照応した最も適合的な企業形態として誕生成立してきた。企業のビッグ・ビジネス化を可能にした最大の要因は社員全員の完全有限責任制であったが、それは資本調達を著しく容易にした半面、株主のリスク負担を大きく極小化し残余の巨大なリスクを社会的に負担する制度でもあったと言うことができる。従って株式会社には、社会的リスク負担を極小化するために経営権を企業的・社会的に監視する機能と主体とが不可欠であった。日本の大規模株式会社には、取締役会、監査役会という内部監査人と、会計監査人という外部監査人との三重のチェック構造が存在しているが、実態は経営者独裁制であったと言うことができる。日本のコーポレート・ガバナンス構造に於いて監査役(会)が現実にどのように機能しているのかの実態とその実態を生じさせていると思われる諸要因を文部省科研費受給のアンケート調査を素材に実証的に検証することとしたい。次に報告者の店頭公開企業に於ける非常勤監査役体験を踏まえて、監査機能の形骸化を補償する機能の担い手としての非常勤監査役の可能性を検討する。

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In America, there has been social movement toward establishing business ethics. This movement has been caused by the public concern with ethical business. The public expects business to be ethical and wants corporate managers to consider the stakes of stakeholders. The term "stakeholder" originated in the frontier days of the United States. As new territory was opened to settlers, they were invited to 'stake' their claims by making out their land with posts or stakes. This term is used to describe individuals or groups who have a legitimate claim on a organization. The concept of the stakeholder bases "stakeholder theory" as a theory. This theory provides basis for "stakeholder management" as a practice. The stakeholder management is described as follows; "managers should acknowledge and actively monitor the concerns of all legitimate stakeholders, and should take their interests appropriately into account in decision-making and operations (Clarkson Centre for Business Ethics, 1999)."

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In this paper, I would like to clarify the differences of corporate governance between Japanese and American corporatations. Firstly, the background of American corporations mainly from the view of the role of the board of directors will be examined. Secondly, I point out recent reforms of the institutional systems from the side of business law and the boards of directors of Japanese corporations. Thirdly, I investigate the essence of corporate governance from the perspective of the recovering Japanese management systems and adaption to world interconnectivity in the age of business globalization.

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