What factors promote political efficacy? Although much of the relevant literature has attempted to answer this question, it does not reveal the general causal relationship between efficacy and other political factors. This study aims to clarify the general relationship by focusing on two level factors, the national and the individual. On the national level, I focus on three factors that form “channels” to link citizens and the political realms: electoral systems, decentralization, and corruption. On the individual level, I concentrate on socioeconomic status (SES), which is considered to have a basic causal relationship with efficacy. Using the survey data of 27 countries taken from the CSES data, this study demonstrates that 1) the effects of electoral systems are not robust, 2) decentralization has no easily observable effects on efficacy, and 3) corruption negatively impacts efficacy but also distorts its basic causal relationship with education (i.e., SES).
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