In Japan wird das Recht auf Existenz in der Verfassung oft in der Analogie mit der Artikel 151 der Wiemarer Verfassung ausgelegt. Das Recht auf Existenz in der japanischen Verfassung soll namlich kein wirkliches Recht, sondern nur so etwas wie eine Programmvorschrift sein. Anderseit muss bei der Auslegung eines Gesetzes sebstverstandlich die politischen, wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Umstanden der Gesetzgebung in Betracht gezogen werden. Nach de Ersten Weltkrieg hatte in Deutschland die sozialistischen Revolution in weiterm Sinn des Wortes gezielt worden, so dass solche Umstande halten auch auf die Weimarer Verfassung einen Einfluss ausgeuft. In Japan hat nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg jedoch die Reform auf dem Boden des Liberalismus verwirklicht worden. Der Artikel 25 der japanischen Verfassung ist also aus anderem prinzip also dem des Artikel 151 der Weimarer Verfassung entstanden. Es scheint mir, dass die sogenannte Programmvorschrift / theorie unter der Weimarer Verfassung nicht unmittelbar auf die Auslegung der Artikel 25 der japanischen Verfassung ubergetragen werden durfte.

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In the single-member constituency system, not only does it help to curtail election expenditures but through the system it is possible for the voters to have a good knowledge of the candidates ideas, personality and policies of the political parties and togerther give hopes for the establishment of party politics. There are some problems, however, to adopt this system immediately. In regards to this problem, I have made an attempt to make this proble clear based upon the development of the single-member constituency system in our country and with material concerning the actual political consciousness of the voters and from the results of the ballots.

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1.Judgement concerning validity of uncertain votes. 2.The spirit of legislation, Art.68, sec.2 of the election law of public officials and its interpretation, application. 3.The limit of application of Art.68, sec.2 of the election law of public officials. 4.The distribution of uncertain votes. 5.Theory of legislation. Comparative study between existing proportional distribution method and other distribution methods not investigated at the time of legislation process of Art.68, sec.2 of election law of public officials and discourse which is better in conformity with the spirit of election law of public officials and discuss the introduction of voting machine in U.S. as its measure hereafter in addition.

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1.The increase of women workers and its background -its contradiction- 2.Sex discrimination (1)The age-limit-system (2)payment system 3.Discrimination in promotion 4.Conclusion

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This study will concentrate on the House of Councillors. The two bodies, the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors, are chosen by different methods in order that all interests may be effectively represented and one house may act as a check or modifying influence on the other. But this expectation has not been fulfilled for the reason that the same set of political forces has controlled working majorities in both houses. What is done in the House of Representatives is duplicated in the House of Councillors ; a pale carbon-copy of the House of Representatives. In this situation, it becomes ever clear that the careful reconsideration of the electoral system is needed. Therefore I intended that the main subject of this study should center on the electoral system of the House of Councillors ; especially the ideal of the nationwide constituency.

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Heute wir leben in der Welt, in der die Unternehmen die fur Volksleben erforderliche Guter produzieren und uns die Dienste zur Verfugung stellen. So aus die Tatsache ergibt sich, dass Unternehmen die kapitalistische Wirtschaft erhalten und entwickeln. Aber mit die Entwicklung kapitalistischer Wirtschaft die Wettbewerb unter Unternehmen teilweise negativ werden sein, weil die Kartelle, die Truste und die Konzerne entstehen. Daher kommt es, dass die mehrere Markte von eine Gruppen der Unternehmen beherrscht werden. Solche Unternehmenskonzentration die wichtigste Fragen um Unternehmen stellen sowohl auf die wirtschaftliche Seite als auf die rechtliche Seite auf. Darin die Spitze ist ohne Unterschied der Formen die Frage, die die Beherrschungen bei Unternehmen hervorbringen. Die Studium uber Konzern ist die uber Unternehmen, und von Beziehung zwischen Unternehmen und Offentlichkeit, oder Beziehung zwischen Unternehmen und Wirtschaft erganzt werden mussen. In Japan mit Bezug auf die Lage, die eine Gesellschaft beherrscht eine andere, das Kartellrecht die Holdinggesellschaft, die Holding usw ausfuhrlich regelt, aber das Handelsrecht hat keine wesentliche Vorschriften. Denn das Handelsrecht, wie die viele Literaturen weisen, die Gesellschaften als die wirtschaftlich sowie rechtlich einfache Unternehmen regelt. Nur das Kartellrecht regelt die Mutter-und Tochtergesellschaft, das Handelsrecht des Unternehmensrechts kein regelt dies, so dass die Zeiterforderniss sollen ubersehen werden, die das Handelsrecht mussen hauptsachlich die verbundene Unternehmen regeln. Wie oben, unseres Handelsrecht die durch Konzernstatigkeit verursacht Fragen nicht zu begreifen sollen wichtigst sein. Daher das Konzernrecht im BRD-Aktienrecht sollen studiert werden. Der Gegenstand des deutsches Konzernrechts ist eine Zusammenschluss mehrerer Unternehmen, und das Gesetz unterscheidet zwischen Konzernverbindungen, die durch ein besonderes Vertragsverhaltniss (sog. Beherrschungsvertrag) unter einheitlicher Leitung zusammengefasst sind (§§291ff.AktG) und Konzernen, die lediglich auf Grund tatsachlicher Beherrschungsmacht geleitet werded (§§311ff.AktG). Leitziel der konzernrechtlichen Vorschriften ist der Vermogensinteressen von Minderheitsaktionaren (sog. konzernfreien Aktionare) und Glaugigern der abhangigen (konzernbeherrschter) Gesellschaften. Nur diese Materie bildet, wie dies schon im Aktiengesetz 1965 geregelt ist, das konzernrecht im eigentlichen Sinn.

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Civil Procedure Law art.201 sec.1 provides l'extension of the effect of the judgment to the third person who was transfered the object at issue after the conclusion of the oral pleadings. Under this article how should the third person's right in the Civil Law be protected in the Civil Procedure Law I conclude about that question that his proper right under the Civil Law should be protected in the stage of the execution formalities, altough he is bound by the effect of the judgment.

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There is an increasing concern by the international community to secure fundamental human rights for all human beings. This is pronounced by the fact that, since its inception, the United Nations has been promoting and encouraging respect for those human rights and fundamental freedoms. The United Nations Charter refers to the problem of human rights in its Preamble, in which the peoples of the United Nations express their determination to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, dignity and worth of the human being. It is clearly stated also in Article 1 of the Charter as one of the main purposes of the Organization. In recognizing the importance of protecting human rights, the Organization prepared, as one of its earliest tasks, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for all peoples, rich or poor, and for all nations, large or small. It was adopted without a dissenting vote in 1948. It is well known that it has, indeed, exercised a significant influence throughout the world, nationally and internationally. Eighteen years later in 1966, the Declaration was given a more precise legal form in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Optional Protocol to the latter Covenant. These Covenants, which came into force in 1976, have been leading mankind to the brink of a new era in which the States have a legal obligation to protect human rights and promote happiness of individuals internationally. Unfortunately it is, however, only when their countries have ratified the Optional Protocol, that individuals are able to complain about violations of their human rights by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Since this implementation process is under treaty law, it is legally binding only among the States which have ratified it. Consequently, what happens to the peoples whose human rights are seriously violated outside this legal sphere Many writers have examined the developments of human rights law under international treaty law. However, studies on international protection of human rights under international customary law have often been ignored. The autor of this article has decided to focus on the Procedure for Dealing with Communications Relating to Violations of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of the United Nations, which has been established by the Economic and Social Council resolution 1503 (XLVIII). The article, in doing so, attempts to observe how implementation process has developed in the United Nations through its activities under international customary law.

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This study succeeds the previous issue on the title of "What were the origins of the Mandates System", dealing with the problems of the formation of the International Mandates System, and the nature of its laws. In any critical opinions we consider here, through the study of the Mandates System, and the International Trusteeship System, everyone can recognize the legal corollary that the developed countries of the world (firstly including U.S.A., Japan, West Germany also) must continue to as her duties give every assistance in the name of civilization in order to accelerate the political status of Colonies, Dependent states, to Non-Self-Governing Territories, Self-Governing Territories, and finally Independence. And also this corollary viewed from the opposite side recognizes that, the so-called under developed countries may claim legally as her rights and with ease from the developed countries every assistance they wish, on the basis of, the standing status of, and backed by, what is so called International Social Law. Such is the issue which has arisen through the formation of International Mandates System. And this legal phenomenon has proceeded gradually to a reconstruction of International Trusteeship System as a legal system under the newly born name of International Social Law. The next expected issue will treat the legal nature of "declaration regarding Non-Self-Governing Territories in U.N.CHARTER. I am indebted to a number of people for numerous and helpful comments and suggestions. They included Dr.Ryoichi Taoka, professor emeritous of Kyoto Univ., Member of Japan Academy, Judge to the Permanents Court of Arbitration at Hague. Kimiaki Oonishi, who is teaching international law, comparative constitutional law at Daito Bunka and Teikyo Univ. and some other Governmental Univ., in a post graduate school, and others. It goes without saying that all deficiencies in the work are, however, the Author's, Shinichi Furuya's.

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