From 10:00am on November 13, 1993 (Sat.) at HOKURIKU University, the eight members reported their research findings on the given topic, "Political Ethics." This was followed by three commentators, and further followed by a question and answer session in the floor. Prof.Fukashi HORIE, KEIO University, and I were selected as coordinators of this Symposium. Being novice coordinate except Prof.HORIE, I hesitate to say that we glided through the Symposium. Nevertheless, thanks to the cooperative, understanding and tolerant members, the Symposium closed very successfully.

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Le financement des partis politique etais toujours suspect. Parce que les rapports entre l'argent et la politique staient complexes. Cependant force est de constater que cette reglementation est apparue pour la France a partir de 1988. Les lois 1988, loi organique n°88-226 du 11 mars 1988 relative a latransparence financiere de la vie politique et loi n°88-227 du 11 mars 1988 relative a la transparance financiere de la vie politique, ont constitue un premier reglementation. Elles ont fixe la condition generale de reglementation. Les lois 1990, loi n°90-55 du 15 janvier 1990 relative a la limitation des depenses electorales et a la clarification du financement des activites politiques et loi organique n°90-383 du 10 mai 1990 relative au financement de la campagne en vue de l'election du President de la Republique et de celle des deputes, ont renforece les lois 1988. Mais la corruption n'a pas du tout disparu. Loi 1993, loi n°93-122 du janvier 1993 relativement a la preventation de la corruption et a la transparence de la vie economique et des procedures publiques, a avance sa reglementation. On vas prevenir la corruption politique a l'avenir? La reponse est peut-etre <NON>. Parce que la structure de la corruption, i.e., le cumul des mandats, trop de pantouflages et la faiblesse de la financement des partis politiques etc., est lassee.

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(1)Political Ethics in Opinion Polls (2)An Analaysis based on a Local Survey Data-Imari City and Haga Town (3)Political Culture in Japan and a Prevention against Political Corruption

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This essay investigates the image of political cartoons in June 1992. It is argued that "Political Ethics" in political cartoons is about the specific politicians not about politicians in general. This focus on individuals is due to the change in the environment of political cartoons. The rapid development in television has made much effect on newspapers and the cartoons in them. The immediacy of the media has been accelerated in cognition and emotion. The function of television makes it easier to see the meaning of political cartoons. On the other hand, this leads to cartoonists having to develop skills in representing or depicting stereotypes, meaning that they have to pay close attention to the caricature of a person's mannerisms, peculiar features and gestures.

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This paper discusses some problems in political morals and statesmanship in Japan. Today, just forty-eight years already passed after the Japanese constitution had taken over its predecesson the imperial constitution. Under this constitution, both Takeo Miki and Takeo Fukuda have experienced their political carreres. Everyone knows both Miki and Fukuda are distinguished from other politicians by the wide range. Then I will speak only a few words about their political morals, and I hope that some of point may be of interest to you.

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1.Introduction 2.The content of political ethics in local government. 3.Governor, mayor and local assemblyman under obligation to avoid conflict of interest 4.Responsibility and Answerability of governor, mayor and local assemblyman 5.Ordinance to make bovernor, mayor and local assemblyman's assets public and possibility of invasion of his/her privacy 6.In conclusion

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At present, in most civilized countries, political ethics is taken as a very important matter and seems a difficult thing. Politicians are so accustomed to receive a lot of money as the political contribution. But their attitude invites much suspicion about their motives. The political ethics we have today will never be too easy to preserve. If we want to find out the value of political ethics, see the law situations in the United States of America, England, and Germany. In these countries, except for political parties, political ethics forbids enterprises to contribute a large sum of money to politicians. But, in Japan, the legal system of political ethics is insufficient to prevent corruption. f politics today seems to deteriorate, if it seems to become more and more chaotic and meaningless, it is primarily because we have no settled and satisfactory arrangement for political contributions, and because we have both vague and diverse legal policies about the prevention of corruption. The first essential institutions will be established institutions for the prevention of political corruption. So, it is only through criminal punishment and administrative sanctions that a way out can be found from the danger with which political corruption is threatening democracy. We will find out that it is worth while to strengthen the articles against bribery, that it is worth while to establish a third surveillance organization, and that other sanctions provide us practical and effective measures. This paper contains the following items: 1.Introduction 2.Situations of Political Ethics and Punishment 3.The Political Contribution and the Bribe 4.The Conception of Bribes 5.Conclusion

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I. Preface II. Business Ethics III. An Autonomy of Company and Disclosure IV. The Limits of Disclosure and English Company Law V. Investigation System of English Company Law VI. Conclusion

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1. Preface 2. Article 43, problem of "the extent of purpose" 3. Article 43, problem of apply to the company 4. Political contribution from the company 5. Article 90, problem of political contribution 6. Relation of political contribution and unjust enrichment 7. Conclusion

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1.Electrorate requests politicians for violating the law to pursue his own interests on the one hand, and for the clean politics on the other hand. 2.Political Corruption is to mix up the public and private matters beyond a certain limit. And here is distinguished its 20th century-style from 19th century-one. 3.Subsidy to the political parties may have a moment of taking care of the weak. 4.The political ethics are apt to become degraded into the technical discussions.

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First, Mr.Takeda, a member of our association, advocated, as a preventive measure against undue(or improper)political donations, the establishment of a "disclosure system" whereby statements of accounts and the like will be subject to disclosure. Secondly, "Mr.Bamba, another member, examined the question of whether or not, on the grounds of invalidity, a demand for the return of undue political donations to a political party, political group or an individual politician can be made against these recipients, from the standpoint of Civil Law. My view on this matter is that it is necessary, before any examination, to first define the nature of the political donation involved as a)donation which complies with the Political Fund Control Law, or b)donation which violates the Political Fund Control Law or c)the so-called under-the-table donation Furthermore, "legal action against representatives, " based on commercial law, should have been one of the possibilities looked into, as a means of pursuing the responsibility which lies with the directors of a company. Various procedures, supported by civil and commercial laws, are possible for the prevention of undue political donations. However, in any event, no procedure can surpass in its effectiveness, the efforts of the directors of corporations, to faithfully fulfill their inherent duties in their capacity as executors of business, in order to free themselves from and excessive reliance on and adherence to politicians. It is my hope that these efforts would bring about a desirable change, if only slightyly, in the attitude toward political ethics.

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1.Introduction 2.Change of Koizumi's words and deeds by the prewar situation 3.Koizumi's change to anti-American argument 4.Koizumi's anti-American argument 5.Conclusion This paper makes clear that even Sinzo Koizumi converted his pro-American theory into violent anti-American argument at the end of the Pacific War, by investigating the changing process of Koizumi's opinion in the period concerned.

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1.Introduction 2.Distinction between law and convention 3.Enforcement by courts 4.Ground of binding force and political side of convention 5.Conclusion Constitutional law of England is composed of law of the constitution and convention of the constitution. Dicey, an orthodox constitutional lawyer of England, insisted convention is never law in the strict sense because convention is not enforced by court. And he pointed out the violation of convention is never illigal, though that is unconstitutional. On the other hand, some scholars(whose first on the list is I.Jennings)considering convention as law, have been critisizing Dicey;the argument is being continued between, as it were, the shcool of Dicey and the school of anti-Dicey until today inclusive. Why such argument is caused is that convention lacks a determining factor that gives convention an attribute as law;so I think convention is on the line of demarcation between law and extra legal fact, or law and political fact-a fact which is concerned in activities f government of state. The aim of this treatise is to study a handhold for making clear this problem, by arranging a little both opinions of the school of Dicey and anti-Dicey, in order to consider either convention is able to be recognized as law or it is rule belonging to political fact that is not law.

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1. Introduction 2. L'origine et le developpement des Etats generaux 3. L'organisation des Etats generaux 4. Les diverses conseils du roi et sa raison d'etre 5. Le sens de la representation aux Etats generaux 6. Le declin des Etats generaux 7. Conclusion

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Au Japon, de nos jours, le probleme du divorce dans le cas d'un conjoint atteint de la maladie d'Alzheimer cause beaucoup d'emoi chez les personnes agees. La loi sur le divorce etant passee d'une loi sur le divorce sanction a une loi sur le "divorce remede", je pense qu'il est temps maintenant qu'elle reconsidere la signification du mariage et de sa rupture. Cette these etudie le divorce en cas de maladie en general et plus particulierement en cas d'alienation mentale et de maladie d'Alzheimer. Elle etudie la methode ideale de rupture et la question de la prestation compensatrice selon la loi francaise. Le contenu de cette these presente une genealogie de la loi sur le divorce pour cause d'alienation mentale en France. Je decris le processus d'apparition de cette loi. En conclusion, j'ai etudie dans la premiere et la deuxieme clause de l'article 770, le probleme de la cause de divorce et celui de la deuxieme forme de la loi sur le divorce presentee par la commission des lois. J'ai etudie le probleme de la separation et de la clause de durete dans la loi sur le divorce.

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Hier stelle ich vor, wie mit Probleme bei der internationalen Zwangsvollstreckung in Forderungen in Deutschland beschaftigt sind, weil dieser Bereich in Japan noch weitgehend nicht, in Deutschland jedoch sehr viel erortert worden ist, Ausserdem gewinnt die Zwangsvollstreckung auch als ein Mittel zur Verwirklichung der individuellen Rechte immer mehr Wert. Die Probleme, mit denen ich mich hier beschaftige, sind die folgenden: (1)Internationale Zustandigkeit, (2)Immunitat des Schuldners, (3)Zustellung an den Drittschuldner im Ausland, (4)Anerkennug von wirkung auslandischer Vollstreckung. (1)Ein Staat kann sowohl nach dem japanischen und deutschen Recht fur Zwangsvollstreckung zustandig sein, wenn der Vollstreckungsschuldner im Inland ist. Wichtig ist dabei vor allem die Zustandigkeit der Vollstreckung, wenn der Drittschuldner im Ausland wohnt. In Japan wird der Bestand der Zustandigkeit bejaht, die Vollstreckung aber ist im regelfall nicht zulassig, und zwar weil sie der Anforderung einer gepfandete Forderung nicht entspricht. In Deutschland hingegen muss das Cericht einen Pfandungsbeschluss erlassen, auch wenn diese Vollstreckung ohne Erfolg enden wird. Ich schliesse mich dieser Meinung an, denn ansonsten hat der Glaubiger weniger Moglichkeiten, sein Recht zu verwirklichen. (2)In Japan besitzt ein Staat regelmassig Immunitat gegen die Vollstreckung. Ob er immunisiert wird, hangt in Deutschland aber davon ab, ob der Gegenstand den hoheitlichen Zwecken dient. Auch hier schliesse ich mich dieser Meinung an, da im anderen Fall der Staat zuviel Immunitat besitzt. (3)Der Pfandungsbeschluss muss an den Drittschuldner im Ausland zugestellt werden, und zwar genau so, wie es die Haager Vertrage oder sonstige einzelne zwischenstaatliche Abkommen festlegen. Man sagt, dass solche Zustellungen in der Regel vom Ausland abgelehnt werden, und dass die Vollstreckung daher erfolglos sei. (4)Uber die Anerkennung der Wirkung auslandischer Vollstreckungen diskutiert man in Japan noch kaum. Ich verweise daher hier nur auf den Schwerpunkt.

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The relationship between religion and international law is close but nowadays little studied or analyzed. There are several causes in this lack of attention. Considering the fact that the international law is one of products of Western European civilization and Christianity played an important part in the civilization, we assume that the study of the relation between them is necessary for international lawyers. This paper is intended to analyze what is the contribution of religion, particularly Judaism, to the solution of the problems with which international law deals. The contribution of Judaism to the development of international law has been completely neglected by modern scholars. In two spheres, however, it seems possible to find close direct contact between the Jews and international law:one is in Jewish history itself and another is in Jewish law-the halacha. There are several important points of the Jewish influence on international law. For instance, the Jewish influence on the development of the modern concept of human rights is clear, the scholars and wirters such as Grotius and Pufendorf could obtain something value from Jewish sources, and so forth. The Jewish influence on international law was all second-hand, but Judaism plays an important part on the development of international law because of the happy combination of law and morality which gives all Jewish law its peculiar quality.

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