メディア研究
Online ISSN : 2758-3368
Print ISSN : 2758-1047
101 巻
選択された号の論文の14件中1~14を表示しています
特集 メディア学・メディア研究とは何か
  • 「実務者」,「市民活動」,「メディア・リテラシー教育」を手がかりに
    飯田 豊
    2022 年 101 巻 p. 3-22
    発行日: 2022/08/10
    公開日: 2022/11/22
    ジャーナル フリー

    In 2022, Nihon Media Gakkai (Japan Association for Media, Journalism and Communication Studies; JAMS) made significant revisions to its bylaw. As a result, the terms "practitioners," "civic activity," and "media literacy education" were written into it. However, the meanings of all these terms are not self-evident. Therefore, this paper proposes one of the issues that "media studies" should address in the future, based on the 70-year history of the JAMS and its relationship with these terms.

    When JAMS was founded in 1951 as Nihon Shimbun Gakkai (the Journalism Society of Japan), there were more practitioners than scholars. With the development of journalism studies, broadcasting studies, and mass communication studies, the number of members grew rapidly and the percentage of scholars increased, leading to institutional reform of the society’s management in the 1980s. The general framework of the society has remained unchanged to the present. In contrast, since its name change to Nihon Mass Communication Gakkai (The Japan Society for Studies in Journalism and Mass Communications) in 1991, a tension has emerged between mass communication studies and media studies, and the further diversification of research fields has been encompassed by the expansion of research subcommittees.

    In addition, the relationship between media studies and media literacy is complex, which is why there have been few opportunities for this society to engage deeply with practitioners in school education and civic activities. On the other hand, since the 1990s in Japan, the concept of "media literacy for senders" and practices based on it have been established by practitioners at broadcasting stations, but there is a twist in that scholars have been less involved here. Furthermore, now that the Internet has become widespread, the validity of the concept of media literacy itself, which assumes an oppositional relationship between senders and receivers, has come to be questioned.

    In order to face these issues, JAMS needs to consider not only further activation of its research activities but also its administrative activities.

  • 学会名称変更過程における「学術メディアの論理」
    津田 正太郎
    2022 年 101 巻 p. 23-44
    発行日: 2022/08/10
    公開日: 2022/11/22
    ジャーナル フリー

    The purposes of this paper are introducing the concept of ’mediatization’ to academics in Japan, and analyzing the process of the renaming of the Japan Society for Studies in the Journalism and Mass Communication (JSSJMC) in terms of it. In the first part of this article, I overview the discussions over the mediatization. Many researchers, especially in Northern Europe, have accepted mediatization as a key concept for understanding the contemporary media environment and the social and cultural changes due to it. Not only some researchers criticize the concept itself, however, there are some differences among researchers who support it. Nick Couldry and Andreas Hepp distinguish ’social constructivists’ from ’institutionalists’ in their articles on mediatization. I focus on the controversy over the concept of ’media logic’ between Stig Hjarvard, the representative researcher of ’institutionalists’ camp and Couldry in order to clarify the point of contention between them. In the second part of this article, I attempt to analyze the transforming process of the JSSJMC to the Japan Association for Media, Journalism and Communication Studies (JAMS) partly in terms of mediatization. Because it is difficult to regard the process as the ordinary mediatization, I introduce the concept of the ’logic of academic media’ which is different from usual media logic, and discuss how this society has transformed themselves from its viewpoint. For this argument I explain the transformation of Journalism Society of Japan, which was founded in 1951, to the JSSJMC as the process in which the independence of the society from newspaper industry grew and the logic of academic media strengthened. In the age of ubiquitous media in the 21st century, however, the logic of academic media forced the JSSJMC to face insurmountable problems and consequently it led the renaming to JAMS. Following these arguments, I suggest some important topics which each member of the JAMS should consider by themselves in the final part of this article.

  • 土橋 臣吾
    2022 年 101 巻 p. 45-64
    発行日: 2022/08/10
    公開日: 2022/11/22
    ジャーナル フリー

    Since the late 1990s, digital media, especially mobile media and the Internet, have rapidly penetrated society. Digital media have now become a part of our daily lives, involving us in every situation. Our daily lives are now mediated in some way by some form of media wherever we are and whatever we are doing. As a result, however, media studies, and especially studies of people’s use of media in their daily lives, face great challenges. In a situation where everything is mediated by the media, the boundaries of what constitutes the unique subject matter of media studies become blurred. What kind of perspective is required to overcome these difficulties? And what challenges will emerge in the future? With this in mind, this paper first traces the penetration of digital media into all areas of daily life by referring to data on mobile media usage trends, and then clarifies the difficulties facing media usage research today. To overcome these difficulties, we show that the actor-network theory, which views all kinds of entities as "associations," is effective, and propose a direction for how media usage research can be reconfigured from such a perspective. Briefly stated, the direction proposed here is to clarify what kind of hybrid collective is being assembled by following the linkage of heterogeneous actors around new media. In conclusion, we will show that the task of tracking this linkage develops into the further task of reassembling it. Through these tasks, the ultimate goal of this paper is to secure a theoretical path that captures the media and its users in today’s context, a context in which the unique object of media use research becomes elusive.

  • ようこそ,「インフォカリプス」の世界へ
    清水 知子
    2022 年 101 巻 p. 65-80
    発行日: 2022/08/10
    公開日: 2022/11/22
    ジャーナル フリー

    This paper focuses on the media strategies of Russia and Ukraine, both currently at war, and examines the future of violence and media studies in the 21st century. It also examines the strategic use of alternative media and its potential.

    At the core of Putin’s diplomacy is Aleksandr Dugin’s "Neo-Eurasianism," Russia’s power bloc concept that resists globalism. This vision has been supported by "hybrid warfare," which combines a military approach with non-military approaches such as cyber-attacks and psychological warfare through disinformation. The non-military approach in "hybrid warfare" not only functions as a tool to turn a blind eye to Russia’s monopoly on violence. Deep fakes and bots have now become a "weapon" in political or military conflicts. What is particularly noteworthy is that these attacks exploit the weaknesses of the idea of liberal democracy in the West.

    On the other hand, Zelensky’s media strategy brings a sense that media and reality are connected to the ground, because of his effective use of social media and a Ukrainian political satire comedy television series Servant of the People that a high school teacher acted by Zelensky is unexpectedly elected President of Ukraine. In this context, it seems that social media has become a "weapon" that functions as a place to raise questions about the war in a "social" way.

    However, war is a struggle between nations, and the visual aspects of war are controlled in various ways. If we frame the war through the media in terms of a simple dichotomy of Russia versus Ukraine, we will make a huge mistake. Rather, what is important is to question the violence of the war itself. Therefore, this paper examines the media and the practice of nonviolence. In doing so, I argued that the future of media studies depends on how we respond to the truth, or so-called "Parresia," in a situation where everything is monitored, controlled, selected, and/or erased as noise.

  • ジャーナリズム文化研究を手がかりに
    李 美淑
    2022 年 101 巻 p. 81-102
    発行日: 2022/08/10
    公開日: 2022/11/22
    ジャーナル フリー

    Globalization and digitalization have brought challenges to the organization and practices of journalism. Entangled with the changes on the ground, journalism studies have also faced challenges to go beyond its traditional approach toward the ideas, concepts, theories, and methodologies of the studies of journalism. This study examines the discussions on diverse roles of journalism, including developmental and peace journalism in the third world or developing world, and the methodological approach to operationally measure the roles of journalism from the studies on journalism culture. From the accumulated discussion on the diverse roles of journalism, this paper argues that the various roles of journalism cannot be placed as supplementary or alternative to objective or detached journalism. Rather, it elucidates that diverse roles coexist, and different roles of journalism can emerge more prominently depending on the topic, media channel, journalistic organization, and the socio-political context in which journalism is practiced. To understand how the journalistic role is conceived and perceived by journalists, there have been cross-national comparative studies since the late 1990s with the global turn of journalism studies. However, the perception of journalistic roles does not necessarily suggest that the roles are materialized in the outcome. There could be a gap between the perception and the outcome. Considering this discrepancy, global studies on journalism culture incorporate the studies on journalistic role conception/perception (survey) with studies on journalistic role performance (content analysis) and analyze the manifestations of journalism culture by situating those in socio-political context of that given society. This holistic approach to investigating journalism culture is expected to be one of the fruitful ways in examining and tracing the current multi-faceted journalism and its changes.

論文
  • 棚田 梓, 岡田 勇
    2022 年 101 巻 p. 103-118
    発行日: 2022/08/10
    公開日: 2022/11/22
    ジャーナル フリー

    To ascertain how editorial freedoms enshrined in the Broadcasting Act are interpreted and how actual broadcasting has developed, it is important to consider how the government has responded to the Diet’s interpretation of the Broadcasting Act, especially regarding how the rules on program editing are interpreted. This paper examines the changes in the government’s responses to the question of program editing rules, which has been an important point of contention for broadcasting freedom. Specifically, a chronological list of changes in the interpretation of the autonomy of broadcasters was compiled based on a comprehensive search of Diet proceedings from the enactment of the 1950 Broadcasting Act until 2020. This list was created by extracting 267 statements from 180 Diet sessions that matched keywords suggesting a connection with the government’s involvement in broadcasting and editorial freedom. The statements were ranked in five levels according to the level of involvement, thereby quantitatively demonstrating the increasing government involvement with each passing year. In this paper, the results are divided into four time periods, and the government’s responses in each period are evaluated. This approach is consistent with previous studies and is thought to facilitate the objective documentation of the changing nature of broadcasting.

  • 他者の言語はいかに想像されたか
    温 秋穎
    2022 年 101 巻 p. 119-136
    発行日: 2022/08/10
    公開日: 2022/11/22
    ジャーナル フリー

    This paper is a media study that attempts to elucidate how the language of "others" was imagined in "Shinago Kōza," a radio program for Chinese language study broadcast by the Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) from 1931 to 1941. In Japan, the creation of a "national language" had already entered the stage of standardization in the 1930s, while the expanding military invasion of China was accompanied by efforts to popularize the Japanese language. At this stage, why had "Shinago Kōza" been broadcast for 10 years toward a wide range of nationals to learn Chinese, a language that was not their own?

    Focusing on the multilayered nature of the language as presented in the audio radio and print texts, this paper will examine how the image of China, which was in effect a hostile country, was imagined through the study of the Chinese language on the radio. Based on this examination, it will also consider the role played by this popular Chinese learning broadcast, which failed to transform the Chinese language to a hostile language in wartime. This article takes a historical approach, drawing on the published "radio textbook," radio program lists published in newspapers, "Radio Yearbook," "Gyōmu Tōkei Yōran," and other sources, and elucidates them in relation to the language policy of the Japanese empire.

    In conclusion, in the Japan Broadcasting Corporation’s "Shinago Kōza," while the language form of Chinese was always different from that of Japanese, the otherness of China, which was regarded as a negotiating partner, showed complicated features due to the transition of the situation in wartime. Thus, "Shinago," which was recognized as a language of a friendly and affiliated partner country, was placed in an ideological gray zone between an enemy language and "our" language, while maintaining the form of the language of the other.

  • 韓 永學
    2022 年 101 巻 p. 137-156
    発行日: 2022/08/10
    公開日: 2022/11/22
    ジャーナル フリー

    This study aims to examine major issues related to media law and ethics and to explore the challenges faced by the media industry over the arrest of a reporter for the Hokkaido Shimbun on June 22, 2021, for the alleged unauthorized invasion of the building of Asahikawa Medical University while covering the dismissal of the president of the university. The main results of this study are as follows. First, the news-gathering activity of the reporter to be guilty of breaking and entering, but in fact, there is justifiable cause as a legitimate news-gathering activity. Second, the arrest was recognized as an act of high public interest, but the results show that there is a violation of journalism ethics due to the lack of urgency or inevitability to carry out undercover work. Third, the Hokkaido Shimbun has not fully fulfilled its internal and external accountability regarding behind-the-scenes details of this coverage and the response to the exercise of public authority. Last, the press industry must take this opportunity to address restrictions on access to public information and journalism ethics issues. A genuine self-regulatory system should be established to improve journalistic ethics while protecting the freedom of the press.

  • ユッシ・パリッカの物質主義的メディア理論
    大久保 遼
    2022 年 101 巻 p. 157-174
    発行日: 2022/08/10
    公開日: 2022/11/22
    ジャーナル フリー

    This article examines the media theory developed by Jussi Parikka under the influence of the new materialism during the 2010s and clarifies its potential in current media studies in Japan. Parikka’s media theory is widely discussed from the recent philosophical trends of the Anthropocene and post-humanity in addition to the new materialism perspective. In contrast, this article emphasizes Parikka’s re-evaluation of Kittlerian and post-Kittlerian German media theory (including cultural techniques) and his attempt to reconsider the issues of cultural studies and political economy confronting the recent transformation of the media. Similar to the former media theorists such as Marshall McLuhan or Friedrich Kittler, Parikka’s media theory enables us to reconsider the materiality of the media and expands the field of media studies by reframing the question "What is media?" and the concept of the "media" itself. However, as Parikka declares, not only is his focus on materiality and ecology theoretically important, but it is also significant for the critical and political analysis of the material aspects of digital media and culture, such as the circulation of digital devices and e-waste, and programming as labor. Although his discussion is wide-ranging, this article outlines Parikka’s materialist media theory and elaborates in two directions: (1) its expansion of the research fields of media ecology and (2) its detailed analysis of the cultural techniques of cognitive capitalism. Finally, I discuss the theory’s potential in the development of empirical media studies and media history in the Japanese context, based on its theoretical perspectives.

  • フェミニスト・エスノグラフィーを用いたアーカイブ研究
    丸山 友美
    2022 年 101 巻 p. 175-194
    発行日: 2022/08/10
    公開日: 2022/11/22
    ジャーナル フリー

    This study examines the experience of a female director active at Osaka Broadcasting Station (JOBK), who collaborated in production with its Tokyo headquarters station (JOAK) that developed the television documentary series The Naked Japan (NHK, 1957-1964).

    The study reconsiders, using a gender perspective, the history of early television documentaries from the following three points. First, the study examines her career path to understand how gender affects her selection of the methodology surrounding the production of early television documentaries. Second, it focuses on how the job disparities stemming from gender were related to her participation in the production team and her career path. This part of the study considers the formal structures of institutions, such as management strategies and departmental organization. Thirdly, it analyzes the representation of industrial reflexivity through a text of her program.

    This paper presents two conclusions: 1) the female director of this program understood and shared the documentary expression born on television as a cultural product of "collective production" caused by changes in media technology; and 2) the television documentary form evolved into a polyphonic form of expression that denounced injustice against the socially vulnerable and allowed their voices to resonate in the public space.

    Thus, by inserting a gender perspective into the history of early television documentaries, this paper confirms the reality that television documentary production was gendered early television production. This further leads to the discovery of the issue regarding "gendered archives," which is connected to the archives that collect, preserve, and publicize past broadcast programs. Accordingly, this paper offers a new analysis point for reviewing the history of early television documentaries from a feminist perspective.

  • 福島県富岡町の小学生による実践事例から
    久保田 彩乃
    2022 年 101 巻 p. 195-214
    発行日: 2022/08/10
    公開日: 2022/11/22
    ジャーナル フリー

    In this study, elementary school students attending a temporary school, set up at an evacuation site due to the Great East Japan Earthquake and associated nuclear accident (3.11), have “temporal and synchronous connections” with their roots in the area through media production activities. These connections clarify the process of transforming cognition.

    The parties to the 3.11 evacuation are still seeking two “connections”: “inheriting the memory of the area” and “connecting with the people in the area”, and that desire is also directed at the children living at the evacuation site. On the other hand, the current child, who has no memory of 3.11, is not aware that he or she belongs to the same community as the 3.11 party, and others unilaterally imposing party membership may even be a stigma.

    In order to overcome this dilemma, we hypothesize that it is important for children to recognize the “connections” between themselves and the community from their own perspective, and to go to a temporary school building set up by Tomioka Town in Fukushima Prefecture at the evacuation site. We practiced video production with fifth graders and qualitatively analyzed the statements in the practice using the qualitative data analysis method, SCAT.

    As a result, the children who practiced were able to: highlight questions and unclear points, listen to the opinions of others based on them, self-interpret them, link them with their own experiences, and reflect on their own experiences and memories. It became clear that the representation was done by mixing it with the students’ own thoughts and ideas. This series of processes made it possible for students to find their positions in the history of Tomioka Town and the local community, that is, the process of media production practice changed the practitioner’s perception of “connections” with the community.

  • 日本の通信キャリアCMを事例に
    柳 志旼
    2022 年 101 巻 p. 215-232
    発行日: 2022/08/10
    公開日: 2022/11/22
    ジャーナル フリー

    This paper clarifies how the family image represented in TV commercials through the case of Japanese mobile carrier commercials, and how it reproduces the patriarchal ideology. To clarify this issue, semiotic analysis has been conducted using case studies of three major mobile carrier commercials: Docomo’s "Keitai Kazoku Monogatari", SoftBank’s "Shirato-ke", and au’s "Santaro". Specifically, the target of analysis is not only linguistic texts but also non-linguistic texts, analyzed into primary meanings (denotation) and secondary meanings (connotation) from the text symbols to elucidate the latent images therein.

    As a result, the following conclusions can be proposed. First, the concept of family as represented by mobile carrier commercials is expanding, becoming more diverse and individualized. Docomo’s "Keitai Kazoku Monogatari" shows an image of a patriarchal family that seems to follow the "postwar family system," SoftBank’s "Shirato-ke" shows an image of a family like a group of friends in which equal and democratic relationships are prominent, and au’s "Santaro" shows an image of a pseudo-family formed by pure relationships that no longer depend on blood or marriage. Second, there is a discrepancy between the family image represented in the commercial and the family in Japanese society at the time. It can be seen that advertisements do not reflect society as it is, but actively create an image unique to commercials that can be accepted by society through selection and reconfiguration. Third, social ideologies are encoded and reproduced through advertisements. Although the form of the family created in each commercial has changed, it is clear that the various ideologies, especially the patriarchal ideology surrounding the modern family persist.

  • 1950年から2020年を対象とした計量テキスト分析
    工藤 文, 中山 敬介
    2022 年 101 巻 p. 233-254
    発行日: 2022/08/10
    公開日: 2022/11/22
    ジャーナル フリー

    This article examined the changes in news articles published in People’s Daily from 1950 to 2020 using quantitative text analysis. A semi-supervised learning approach was employed to analyze 24,896 articles about the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). First, we extracted articles related to China based on R package Newsmap. We then set the seed words and used Latent Semantic Scaling to predict the value of each article. The analysis revealed that dogmatic propaganda about the CCP continues to be published in People’s Daily news articles. However, articles about national development had increased since 1989. Furthermore, while self-criticism was common in articles about corruption, the ratio of articles focusing on public opinion supervision had increased since 2003. We concluded that the CCP has changed its method of securing its legitimacy through People’s Daily.

  • 全国紙の社説の分析を通じて
    佐藤 潤司
    2022 年 101 巻 p. 255-273
    発行日: 2022/08/10
    公開日: 2022/11/22
    ジャーナル フリー

    This paper analyzes the position of, and claims made by major Japanese newspapers, on the discussion whether married couples should be allowed to retain their surnames, and considers whether those claims are valid.

    I analyzed 152 editorials from five national newspapers published from December 24, 1992, to December 9, 2021. The method of analysis was a computer-based quantitative text analysis, and the position of each paper was clarified by referring to the actual description based on the words appearing frequently in the editorials and the ones co-occurring with them.

    According to the analysis, the Asahi Shimbun, which has published the largest number of editorials mentioning married couples’ surnames, was the first to insist on the introduction of the system to allow people to retain their surnames after marriage. The Mainichi and the Nikkei Shimbun also promoted this idea. However, the Yomiuri Shimbun was a little cautious about introducing the system, and the Sankei Shimbun strongly opposed it.

    The Sankei Shimbun seems to be unfair in that it does not impress upon this system independently, but discusses it as a problem in the editorials on other subjects, primarily criticism of the Democratic Party of Japan. In addition, the Sankei Shimbun emphasizes the family rather than the human rights of women, ignoring the fact that the system for forcing married couples to hold the same surname has been internationally accepted as discriminating against women.

    As such, the Sankei Shimbun should be criticized for promoting Gender Free Bashing (GFB).

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