For the purpose of searching for the alternative and the frameworks possibly given for the creation of nursing science, the history of science from 6th to 19th centuries was briefly reviewed. In the review of the science history, objectives of science was defined: to find out the entire as well as detail existence of the nature; to clarify the principle and function connected with the nature; and to describe and explain phenomena as well as laws connected with the nature. In the review of the special features attached to the modren science, it was pointed out that up to the present the major scientific attepts were limited in the sphere of materialistic phenomena, somewhat physically obserbable and countable, and the methods and procedures used by the modern science were very effective for generralization of the phenomena and finding the general principles and laws related the nature. The weakpoints of the modern science, however, may be found in dealing with a particular individual of human beings, especialy in dealing with quality of his/her health conditions.
Nursing is a science which deals with health conditions of a particular individual, not only those quantity matters, but also those quality matters. Nursing Science intends to observe and investigate a particular human being at his/her full individuality, and tries to find out a most effective way of caring that particular individual. Nursing Science may be required to take consideration into particular conditions and phenomena emerged in a certain individual, even though they had been ignored by the modern science for its generalization. In that regard, the task of the Nursing Science is to pick up individual phnomenon already abandoned by the traditional as well as the modern sciences.
In order to pick up everything connected with health conditions of a particular human being, what kind of scientific approaches shall be adapted by Nursing Science? What alternatives other than the modern science does Nursing Science have? What type of science does Nursing Science intends to build? Which direction does Nursing as a newly born science intend to develop?
These are questions raised, and it was suggested that for a newly born Nursing Science it is necessary to begin its scientific efforts from building the basic foundation of science, that is, to observe every phenomena related with a particular living object and to describe everything observed and noted as it is alive. These simple but steady scientific efforts are taken by J. H. Fabre and G. White, and their works set the basis for the development of the modren biological science. Any science has its own developmental stages and the modern science are the results of the developments achived by step by step efforts. You can not skip the ground works of observation and collecting data. You can not junp into theoretical conclusion of generalization without steady efforts of picking up and describing each of a particular object painfully observed. Science does require a series of methodological procedures and a certain trainings in respect of knowledge and skills. In this regard, Nursing Science is just newly born, and it needs the basic trainings of science. It is too early for Nursing Science to jump into theoretical conclusions. Nursing Science does need the ground works of observation and description, and collections of data and information regarding everything related with health conditions of human beings. Without these basic trainings and works, you can not generalize nursing facts and phenomena.
To build the ground works of Nursing Science, it was suggested to carry out: 1) the trainings of observation skills to see the nature objectly, in particular, to watch living objects vividly as they are alive; 2) the trainings of description skills in order to be able to describe the nursing phenomena, with the necessary skills required for preciseness, specification, summarization and noting of points;

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The purpose of this study was to understand:
1. The process by which mothers accepted their cerebral palsy children as their own children through rearing.
2. The crisis period in the process and the important persons for mothers as well as their roles.
The subjects were 28 mothers who had 22-29 years old cerebral palsy sons or daughters. They were inteviewed at their home in a retrospective method.
Results: Most of the mothers became aware of their children's disability in infancy and most of their children were diagnosed as cerebral palsy around 2 years old. Their reactions to the diagnosis were mainly classified into three types as pessimistic-type, optimistic-type, and realistic-type. Especially, the infancy of their children were very important in the process of the mothers' acceptance of their own children. It was suggested that crisis periods persisted during all times of growth and development of children, as mothers were confronted with many problems after that. It was clarified that the father was the most important person for supporting the mother's acceptance of cerebral palsy child. Also, the mother who had the same disabled children was secondary important person.
The fathers gave the mothers emotional support mainly and also helped the mothers to take care of children, to keep houses and to support children.

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The purpose of this study is to prevent postoperative pulmonary complication based on individual respitatory training exercises.
Ten healthy women were investigated about dynamics of respiration and circulation under Incentive Spirometry (IS) using Transcutaneous Measurement of P0₂ tension (tcPO₂) and PCO₂ tension (tcPCO₂).
The following results were obtained;
1. TcP0₂ value rised immediatery after respiratory training exercises, reaching the maximum value within one minute, and descending suddenly about 10-20mmHg comparing at rest.
2. TcPCO₂ value descended about 10mm Hg immediately after respiratory training exercises.
3. It can be considered that circulation is not affected very much under IS, because the rate of increased PRP is less than 10% after training exercises.
4. IS is more effective than Deep Breath from the view points of circulation and the motive for training exercises.
5. Transcutaneous Measurement of PO₂ & PCO₂ is one of useful methods to evaluate respiratory training exercises for patients before operation.

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The effects of keeping the same supine position for 2 hours on heart beats, respiraion and subjective discomfort were studied in 5 healthy female adults. Heart beats and respiration were observed continuously by telemetric method. Coefficient of variation of R-R interval (CV_R-R) was measured from the EEG recordings 5 times with 30 minutes interval during 2 hours. Irregular respiration that differed from the stable regular rhythmical pattern was investigated from respiratory recordings. The subjects were required to give a sigh to report perceived discomfort by predetermined forms which could be analyzed semiquantitatively. During the 2 hours of experiment the subjective discomfort of the person studied gradually increased. The heart rate gradually decreased during the first 30 minutes and maintained a stable rate during the rest of the period. CV_R-R tended to increase with time. Heart rate and respiration rate did not vary in relation to the discomfort perceived by the subjects. The irregular respiration distinguished from stable and rhythmical normal pattern was gradually increased with time and that correlates well with the degree of the discomfort complained. The frequency of irregular respiration may become a good objective index to estimate discomfort.

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