We estimated CO2 emissions up to 2050 for India, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines focusing on four measures of CO2 reduction: improving fuel efficiency by introducing fuel-efficiency standards, introducing next-generation vehicles, improving traffic flow, and introducing biofuels. Of these four measures, introducing fuel-efficiency standards reduced emissions the most. In this study’s scenarios, CO2 reduction ratios are 20.0% to 25.7% for improving fuel efficiency above the fuel-efficiency standards, while CO2 reduction ratios are 0.1% to 5.5% for the other three measures.
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