Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly: JARQ
Online ISSN : 2185-8896
Print ISSN : 0021-3551
ISSN-L : 0021-3551
40 巻, 1 号
選択された号の論文の13件中1~13を表示しています
REVIEWS
Crop Science
  • Masayuki MURAI, Hari Bahadur KC, Kazuo ISE, Tetsushi YOSHIDA, Kazushig ...
    原稿種別: REVIEW
    2006 年 40 巻 1 号 p. 1-12
    発行日: 2006年
    公開日: 2013/03/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    The effects of sd1-d, sd1-r and sd1-c at the sd1 locus, d18-k (kotaketamanishiki dwarf) and d12 (yukara dwarf) on the chilling tolerance at the seedling stage were examined. We used isogenic lines regarding the dwarfing genes/alleles, together with their parental varieties ‘Fujiminori’, ‘Shiokari’, ‘Tamanishiki’, ‘Calrose’, Taichung 65, Norin-PL8 and Norin-PL11. Chilling treatments at 2°C for three, four and five days were conducted at the 1- and 2-leaf stages. The chilling tolerances of the lines were evaluated by survival percentages after the treatments. The d12 lowered the chilling tolerance. The sd1-d and sd1-c lowered the chilling tolerance on the less tolerant genetic backgrounds of ‘Fujiminori’ and ‘Shiokari’, whereas this effect did not appear on the more tolerant genetic backgrounds of Taichung 65 and ‘Calrose’. The d18-k enhanced the chilling tolerance on the less tolerant genetic backgrounds of ‘Shiokari’ and ‘Tamanishiki’, whereas the effect did not appear on the more tolerant genetic backgrounds of Norin-PL8 and Norin-PL11. Consequently, d18-k could be utilized to develop varieties adaptable to areas readily damaged by unseasonably low temperatures at all of the susceptible growth stages of rice, because d18-k is known to enhance the cool tolerances at both the booting and flowering stages also.
Biotechnology/Crop Science
  • Isao TARUMOTO
    原稿種別: REVIEW
    2006 年 40 巻 1 号 p. 13-20
    発行日: 2006年
    公開日: 2013/03/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    The glossy leaf is a genetic trait that showed pleiotropic effects on disease and pest resistances as well as being a varietal marker in Brassica oleracea and Zea mays. The author aimed to clarify the genetic characteristics of glossiness that were newly found in sorghum leaves. The F1, F2 and F3 populations derived from two crosses of (g × G) were evaluated for leaf glossiness by spraying water. Since the expected ratios of (g : G = 1 : 3) were well fitted in the segregations of F2 and F3 populations, a single recessive factor for the control of glossy (g) was confirmed, and the symbols gl and Gl were tentatively assigned for g and G. The F4 lines with gl and Gl derived from two crosses of (g × G) were examined for pleiotropic effects on leaf digestion and leaf blight resistance. The 23 F1 and F2 between 7 varieties having non-glossy (G), glossy (g) and true-glossy (tg) phenotypes were evaluated for leaf glossiness by spraying water. The phenotypes of F1 were tg in (tg × tg), g in (tg × g) and (g × g), and G in (tg × G) and (g × G). The expected ratios of (tg : g = 1 : 3), (tg : G = 1 : 3) and (g : G = 1 : 3) in F2 segregations were fitted well. The results suggested that tg, g and G were multiple alleles located in a glossy locus. Consequently, the symbols gl1, gl2 and gl+ were proposed to denote the multiple alleles for g, tg and G in the glossy locus, respectively.
Agricultural Environment
  • Tomohito ARAO, Satoru ISHIKAWA
    原稿種別: REVIEW
    2006 年 40 巻 1 号 p. 21-30
    発行日: 2006年
    公開日: 2013/03/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    In order to investigate the genotypic differences in seed cadmium (Cd) concentration in soybean and rice, 17 soybean and 49 rice varieties were cultivated in Cd-polluted soils or water culture containing Cd. Significant differences in seed Cd concentration were found among soybean and rice varieties. A high level of inheritance of the seed Cd concentration was revealed for soybean. The physiological mechanism underlying the Cd translocation to shoots and seeds in soybean was involved in Cd retention in the roots. The commercial rice varieties (e.g., Koshihikari) were categorized into the low grain Cd group. On the other hand, several indica or indica-japonica rice varieties accumulated considerably high Cd concentrations in grains as well as straws, when they were cultivated under upland conditions, suggesting that these varieties would be most responsive to phytoremediation of Cd-polluted paddy fields. There was no correlation of the Cd concentration between younger shoots and mature seeds in the rice cultivars, so it may be impossible to use rice for evaluating the genotypic variation in seed Cd concentration using relatively younger shoots. On the other hand, a positive correlation between them was found in the soybean cultivars, so it may be possible to evaluate the genotypic variation in soybean seed Cd concentration using relatively younger soybean shoots. Interactions between Cd and other metals (Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) in terms of their uptake and translocation to shoots were found among the rice and soybean cultivars.
  • Katsuji WATANABE, Nobuhisa KOGA, Hiroshi NIIMI
    原稿種別: REVIEW
    2006 年 40 巻 1 号 p. 31-36
    発行日: 2006年
    公開日: 2013/03/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    The microorganisms concerned with a higher ratio of biological nitrogen turnover in upland field soils applied with large amounts of raw liquid livestock feces were searched for using a newly developed genetic analysis system and method. In upland field soils, the flora of proteolytic bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, and bacteria isolated on peptone-polymyxin medium changed in relation to the amount of the applied liquid feces (120 t ha-1 y-1 and 600 t ha-1 y-1). The isolated proteolytic Serratia marcescens, denitrifying Salmonella/E. coli, and non-Bacillus polymyxin B-resistant bacteria were non- indigenous soil bacteria typically found in the soil applied with raw feces, and their numbers were estimated to be over 105 CFU g-1 dry soil after 2 months of the application. They were supposed to have contaminated the field soils from bacteria present in the raw feces that survived for a while in the fields.
Agricultural Engineering/Information Technology
  • Tadashi CHOSA, Yoichi SHIBATA, Kyo KOBAYASHI, Masamichi DAIKOKU, Masaa ...
    原稿種別: REVIEW
    2006 年 40 巻 1 号 p. 37-43
    発行日: 2006年
    公開日: 2013/03/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    This paper introduces a yield-monitoring system that was developed for a head-feeding combine. If yield variations could be measured during harvesting, data could be used to evaluate management history and provide useful information for planning fertilizer applications and management for the following year. First, we studied the yield-monitoring system and used a hybrid yield-monitoring method that involved an optical sensor and load cell. This monitoring method reduced the measurement error, and was useful in practical applications of site-specific crop management. We then assessed the gap between harvesting and yield-monitoring positions. Yield measured in the grain tank could be converted into yield at the harvesting position by correcting the measured yield with a constant that was determined by the relative position (weighted proportional distribution method) based on the experimental results. Finally, an efficient yield-monitoring system for a head-feeding combine was developed, incorporating our sensing and analyzing methods. It was possible to obtain yield data when normally operating a head-feeding combine that was equipped with our system. The resulting map was equivalent to a yield map generated through quadrate sampling. The estimated error of the system was about 10%.
Food Technology
  • Motoi TAMURA
    原稿種別: REVIEW
    2006 年 40 巻 1 号 p. 45-50
    発行日: 2006年
    公開日: 2013/03/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    Soybean and soy foods are rich sources of isoflavones. Much attention has focused on isoflavonoids because of their beneficial effects on human health. Isoflavones belong to the group of phytoestrogens. Phytoestrogens are estrogenic compounds found in plants. Intestinal flora plays an important role in the absorption and metabolism of isoflavones. Some dietary components and chemical composition of isoflavones are also known to affect the absorption of isoflavones. Human metabolism and excretion of isoflavones following the consumption of soy products show considerable variation. The bioavailability of soybean isoflavones to women is dependent on gut microflora. Equol is a metabolite of daidzein produced by intestinal flora. Equol has many biological activities related to human health, and its production might be affected by compositions of diets and intestinal flora. To achieve higher production of equol from daidzein in the gut, control of the metabolic activity of intestinal flora might be of importance.
Horticulture
  • Ji-Hong LIU, Chikako HONDA, Takaya MORIGUCHI
    原稿種別: REVIEW
    2006 年 40 巻 1 号 p. 51-58
    発行日: 2006年
    公開日: 2013/03/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    Polyamines, including putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm), are polycationic compounds of low molecular weight that are widely distributed in living organisms. They are implicated in a variety of plant processes, such as floral and fruit development. In addition, correlation between polyamines and flower gender or fertility is reported in some plant species. Since polyamines, especially Spd and Spm share a common precursor, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), with ethylene, they demonstrated competitive effects on functions in fruit development and ripening in many plants. Exogenous polyamines have been employed to regulate floral and fruit development and ripening in a lot of plants. Besides, polyamines have shown their potential for postharvest fruit management. Therefore, in this review, we focused on the involvement of polyamines in floral and fruit development along with perspectives of polyamine research.
Fisheries
ARTICLES
Biotechnology
  • Hiroyuki OKAMOTO, Tomoko TAKAMIYA, Akira SAITO, Eiji DOMON, Kazuhiko I ...
    原稿種別: ARTICLE
    2006 年 40 巻 1 号 p. 65-69
    発行日: 2006年
    公開日: 2013/03/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    Restriction landmark genome scanning (RLGS) is a high-speed genome analysis method to detect DNA polymorphism, and is suitable to develop useful DNA markers for cultivar-discrimination of agricultural plants. The mat-rush, Juncus effusus is a vegetatively propagated crop that has been cultivated for over 500 years in Japan as the material of “tatami-omote,” a surface of Japanese conventional mats. In recent years, Japanese mat-rush cultivars are grown in foreign countries and reimported to Japan in violation of the Seeds and Seedlings Law, economically damaging domestic production. The largest problem of illegal mat-rush reimportation has been with cv. Hinomidori. We developed a cultivar-discrimination DNA marker of mat-rush using RLGS, and detected the RLGS spot markers that didn′t exist specifically in Hinomidori. The spot marker can be used with the RLGS method to identify Hinomidori accurately among cultivars.
Agricultural Engineering
  • Shigehiko HAYASHI, Tomohiko OTA, Kotaro KUBOTA, Eiichiro KINOSHITA, Ka ...
    原稿種別: ARTICLE
    2006 年 40 巻 1 号 p. 71-78
    発行日: 2006年
    公開日: 2013/03/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    The purpose of this study was to mechanize the task of planting chrysanthemum cuttings in plug trays. Seedling production using these trays is common in Japan to produce high-quality chrysanthemums, other flowers, and vegetables. However, chrysanthemum cuttings must be planted manually, which takes considerable time. Two models of planting machines suitable for chrysanthemum cuttings have been developed: a standard model for cuttings with no lower leaves, and a model that automatically removes the lower leaves. Both models are semi-automatic and employ a mechanism using rotating cups to facilitate a supply task of an operator and let two operators work side by side. In our laboratory and field experiments, the standard model had a failure rate of 0.5-3.1% and increased the maximum work efficiency to 2.4 times that of manual planting. The model that removed lower leaves had a failure rate of 0.8-4.5%, but also increased maximum work efficiency to 2.4 times that of manual planting. Although both models are influenced by individual supply variations from the workers, we believe they are ready for commercial use.
Animal Husbandry
  • Pedro BAÑALES, Manabu YAMADA, Minoru NARITA, Kameo SHIMURA, ...
    原稿種別: ARTICLE
    2006 年 40 巻 1 号 p. 79-83
    発行日: 2006年
    公開日: 2013/03/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    In this study, we investigated the distribution of lesions and protozoa in LWD piglets inoculated orally with oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii (Strain O-1) isolated from a cat. Infected piglets developed fever, diarrhea, dyspnea and loss of appetite. They were euthanatized at 8 and 10 days after the inoculation. Histologically, necrotic and nonsuppurative inflammatory lesions were observed in many different organs, more severely in the lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, stomach, intestine, adrenal gland, pancreas, lungs and liver. Minor lesions were observed in the bone marrow, tongue, heart, skeletal muscles, spinal cord and brain. Using an immunohistochemical staining technique, we were able to confirm the presence of tachyzoites in all of the above-mentioned organs as well as some other organs that were characterized by an absence of necrotic lesions such as the salivary glands and kidney.
  • Huynh Kim DIEU, Chau Ba LOC, Seishi YAMASAKI, Yutaka HIRATA
    原稿種別: ARTICLE
    2006 年 40 巻 1 号 p. 85-91
    発行日: 2006年
    公開日: 2013/03/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    To evaluate the effect of Pseuderanthemum palatiferum, a new medicinal plant, on piglets′ daily weight gain and the effect on piglets with diarrhea, a total of 644 piglets (396 suckling and 248 weaned piglets) were examined using 3 tests for 30 days. Fresh leaves or dried leaf-powder of P. palatiferum were fed daily at different dosages or for different durations to the piglets. The dose of P. palatiferum to both suckling and weaned piglets could improve the following parameters: growth rate became higher; retarded growth, diarrhea and mortality were decreased; and the number and duration of diarrhea cases were decreased. The dosage during 30 days was more effective than that during 7 days and the leafpowder dosage of 0.2 g/kg body weight (BW)/day was more effective than that of 0.1 g/kgBW/day. The effect of the dried leaf-powder was the same as or equivalent to the fresh-leaf. It also kept the piglets in a healthy physiological condition. It is expected that the usage of this plant, especially in the form of leaf-powder, has a high possibility to replace or reduce the amount of antibiotics in pig production systems in future.
Fisheries
  • Norihisa OSEKO, Toh Thye CHUAH, Yukio MAENO, Beng Chu KUA, Veloo PALAN ...
    原稿種別: ARTICLE
    2006 年 40 巻 1 号 p. 93-97
    発行日: 2006年
    公開日: 2013/03/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    Southeast Asia is a significant area for world shrimp culture. However, in recent years, the production of cultured shrimp has markedly decreased as a result of serious viral disease such as white spot syndrome (WSS) outbreaks. In the case of Malaysia, outbreaks of this disease have been a serious problem since 1996. As one of the preventive countermeasures against WSSV, virus inactivation has been carried out against kuruma prawn in Japan. In the recent studies, it became clear that there are differences among local strains of WSSV. Furthermore, kuruma prawn shows resistance against WSSV. For these reasons, methods to inactivate Malaysian isolates of WSSV were studied with black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon). Viral inactivation was tested using the disinfectants formalin and ethanol, the halogenous disinfectants sodium hypochlorite and IsodineR, and also using U.V. irradiation. These chemicals were mixed with the virus and injected into healthy prawns. As a result of these experiments, no mortality was observed at the concentrations of more than 0.25 ppm formalin, 0.5% effective chloride in sodium hypochlorite, and 2.5 ppm effective povidone-iodine in IsodineR. From these results, sodium hypochlorite of halogenous disinfectants showed effective inactivation even at a low concentration (0.5 ppm). On the other hand, this virus was inactivated completely by U.V. irradiation at a dose of 3 × 104 μW·sec/cm2. These results were similar to the virus inactivation of a Japanese strain with kuruma prawn (Marsupenaeus japonicus).
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