Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly: JARQ
Online ISSN : 2185-8896
Print ISSN : 0021-3551
ISSN-L : 0021-3551
44 巻, 2 号
選択された号の論文の14件中1~14を表示しています
REVIEWS
Crop Science
  • Hideo MAEDA, Kei MATSUSHITA, Shuichi IIDA, Yoshihiro SUNOHARA
    原稿種別: REVIEW
    2009 年 44 巻 2 号 p. 101-107
    発行日: 2009年
    公開日: 2012/02/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was performed to identify the chromosomal region controlling rice stripe virus (RSV) resistance in Japanese upland rice, Kanto 72. As a result, two QTLs were detected on chromosomes 2 and 11. Using near-isogenic lines possessing a single QTL (QTL-NILs) on chromosomes 2 and 11, the effects of two QTLs were evaluated. The target QTL regions were introduced in the genetic background of Koshihikari with marker-assisted selection. A combined QTLNIL, possessing two QTLs, was developed from the cross between two QTL-NILs. Investigation of RSV resistance using three QTL-NILs revealed that the effects of the two QTLs clearly differed in the reaction to RSV. The QTL on chromosome 11 provided a major effect on reducing the infection rate of RSV. The QTL on chromosome 2 did not affect the infection rate, but made symptoms of diseased plants milder. The combined QTL-NIL showed high and stable resistance to RSV equivalent to upland rice, Kanto 72. From these results, RSV resistance in upland rice, Kanto 72, was controlled by the complementary effect of two QTLs. Major agricultural traits of the three QTL-NILs were not significantly different to those of Koshihikari, therefore, these QTL-NILs were thought to be useful in RSV-resistant rice breeding.
  • Mika SAITO, Patricia VRINTEN, Toshiki NAKAMURA
    原稿種別: REVIEW
    2010 年 44 巻 2 号 p. 109-115
    発行日: 2010年
    公開日: 2012/02/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    Approximately 70% of wheat endosperm consists of starch, and variations in the quality and quantity of starch affect the processing characteristics of wheat flour. Amylose content in particular has a major effect on Asian noodle quality, and selection of wheat lines with slightly lower amylose levels is an important goal in Japanese wheat breeding programs. Accurately measuring amylose content by direct methods such as colorimetric assays was found to be problematic, suggesting there was a need for a more efficient and accurate method of screening for reduced amylose content. Therefore, we characterized mutations in the wheat waxy genes, which control amylose synthesis, and developed DNA markers for the identification of null waxy alleles. In this review, we describe the development of these markers and outline their utility for wheat breeding programs.
Crop Science/Agricultural Environment
  • Kunihiko KOMATSU, Masakazu TAKAHASHI, Yoshinori NAKAZAWA
    原稿種別: REVIEW
    2010 年 44 巻 2 号 p. 117-125
    発行日: 2010年
    公開日: 2012/02/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    The common cutworm (Spodoptera litura Fabricius) is a major pest of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in southwestern Japan, and other lepidopteran insects damage soybean crops in the United States. Plant resistance to these insects can contribute to integrated pest management. To develop soybean cultivars with insect resistance, resistant germplasms have been identified and used as resistance donor parents. The resistance conferred by their genes has been studied from genetical, morphological, and physiological perspectives. The morphological and physiological approaches have succeeded to some degree, but the main cause of the resistance remains unknown. However, genetic studies have made progress since molecular biological approaches became possible in soybean. Two quantitative trait loci (QTL) for the common cutworm resistance and 23 QTL for other leaf-eating insect resistance have been detected. Actual effects of the major QTL have been confirmed using near-isogenic lines. This progress in genetic studies of the resistance enables the development of elite soybean cultivars with insect resistance, despite the poor agronomic characteristics of resistance donor parents. The present review summarizes the recent progress in resistance to the common cutworm and other insects in soybean.
ARTICLES
Biotechnology/Crop Science
Agricultural Environment
  • Prapit SANGTONG, Kunihiko KATOH
    原稿種別: ARTICLE
    2010 年 44 巻 2 号 p. 133-141
    発行日: 2010年
    公開日: 2012/02/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    A long-term field experiment on organic material application has been conducted since 1980 at Phraphuttabat Technical Service Center, Lop Buri Province, Thailand, to clarify the effectiveness of organic materials on chemical and physical properties of soil and yield of corn. Mimosa was the most effective crop for increasing organic matter content of soil. Total and Bray II extractable phosphorus content markedly increased in city compost plots. Rice straw showed significant effect on increasing total and exchangeable potassium in soils. Total Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, extractable Cu, Zn and exchangeable Ca contents distinctively increased in city compost plots. Extractable Fe content significantly increased in the mimosa plot. Average yield of corn with and without fertilizer from 2000 to 2005 showed that the use of crotalaria, mimosa, rice bean and city compost was beneficial to increase the production of corn yield for one, two, four and three years out of a six year experimental duration, respectively. The 5-year moving average of corn yield for 26 years showed the following trends. Corn yield in the mimosa plot without fertilizer increased but the increase was relatively low. The corn yields in the rice bean plot were relatively high during 1982-1986 and 1999-2003 in both fertilizer plots. The yield of corn in crotalaria plots with and without fertilizer was at a relatively low level from 1980 to 1988, and increased from 1989 to 2005. This long-term experiment suggests that application of green manure improved soil properties. Competition of green manure with corn resulted in a relatively low yield of corn and on the contrary, without the competition of green manure corn yields were relatively high. Rice straw mulch with fertilizer was effective in maintaining corn yield under critical rainfall years, while rice straw mulch without fertilizer did not increase the corn yield like that of the fertilizer plot under critical rainfall conditions. Although city compost application was effective in increasing corn yield, precautions against heavy metal contamination should be taken into consideration.
  • Ai YAMASHITA, Keiji TAKASU
    原稿種別: ARTICLE
    2010 年 44 巻 2 号 p. 143-149
    発行日: 2010年
    公開日: 2012/02/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    The coconut hispine beetle, Brontispa longissima is a foliage feeder of the coconut palm, Cocos nucifera and other palm plants. Because B. longissima, supposedly native to Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, is now distributed in Ishigaki, Okinawa and Ogasawara, mainland Japan faces the potential risk of invasion by this pest. Suitability of palms other than C. nucifera for development and reproduction of B. longissima has been neglected, and the possibility of the other palms as alternative food plants for mass-rearing of this insect has not been evaluated. To evaluate the potential risk to palms in Japan and the possibility of the palms as alternative food plants, we examined host plant suitability for immature development of B. longissima, using the following exotic and native plants in Japan, Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, Collinia elegans, Livistona chinensis, Phoenix canariensis, Rhapis excelsa, Rhapis humilis, Washingtonia filifera, and Typha latifolia. When given each of those plant leaves, the percentage survival from first instar to adult emergence was 70% on C. lutescens, 55% on L. chinensis, 45% on P. canariensis, 80% on W. filifera, and 45% on T. latifolia. The adults given one of these suitable plants during larval and adult stages oviposited. Although larvae fed on C. elegans, R. excelsa or R. humilis, they never developed to pupae. When given a choice among the suitable plant species, B. longissima adults preferred W. filifera over the other plants. Considering suitability for immature development and reproduction of B. longissima, the ornamental palms such as C. lutescens, L. chinensis, P. canariensis, and W. filifera can be potential hosts in mainland Japan.
Agricultural Environment/Horticulture
  • Kenta TOMIMURA, Noriko FURUYA, Shin-ichi MIYATA, Akiko HAMASHIMA, Hiro ...
    原稿種別: ARTICLE
    2010 年 44 巻 2 号 p. 151-158
    発行日: 2010年
    公開日: 2012/02/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    The Asian type “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” (Las, citrus greening organism) is severely damaging citrus production in Asia including Japan. Our previous study suggested that the bacteriophage-type DNA polymerase region (DNA pol) would be useful for molecular differentiation in different Southeast Asian Las isolates. Moreover, Las isolates originated from most of the Southeast Asian regions harbor the DNA pol gene, whereas Japanese ones lack this region. These preliminary findings lead us to a hypothesis that all Japanese isolates lack DNA pol. To try this hypothesis, we collected citrus leaf samples infected with Las throughout the Ryukyu Islands, and examined them by a duplex PCR that could simultaneously amplify two DNA fragments of DNA pol and nusG-rplK operon of Las. The duplex PCR was applied to the collection of 65 Las isolates. Both DNA pol and nusG-rplK operon were successfully amplified from nine isolates, whereas only nusG-rplK operon was amplified with the other 56 isolates. These nine isolates with DNA pol originated from the Hateruma, Irabu, Kohama, Miyako, Tarama, and Yonaguni Islands, which are geographically close to Taiwan. The nucleotide sequence of DNA pol of these nine isolates was identical, and was also the same as four Taiwanese isolates reported previously. These results suggest that Japanese Las isolates comprise at least two distinct genotypes, and the genotype that had DNA pol is highly homogeneous.
Agricultural Engineering
  • Case Study for an Area in Southern Thailand
    Tetsuo NAKAYA, Hajime TANJI, Hirohide KIRI, Hiromasa HAMADA
    原稿種別: ARTICLE
    2010 年 44 巻 2 号 p. 159-165
    発行日: 2010年
    公開日: 2012/02/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    We developed a salt-removal plan to reduce tsunami salinity damage based on the results of field surveys of soil salinity levels in southern Thailand after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Although salinity greatly exceeded the maximum for crop growth (4 dS m-1) immediately after the tsunami, the soil's electrical conductivity was high only in the surface layer (1 to 2 cm deep) and decreased sharply in lower layers, rapidly falling below 4 dS m-1 . Long-term field surveys indicate that the soil's salinity was removed almost completely by rainfall during the rainy season, but that salinity had long-term effects on local crops. We propose a simple method for estimating the risk of salt damage based on meteorological observations and develop a method for calculating the amount of water required to reduce salinity based on the amount of salinity invasion for an argillaceous soil. Stripping the salinized surface soil so that the surface salt can be flushed out through drainage canals by rainfall or irrigation is an effective salt-removal measure that farmers can implement. Based on our results, we describe a plan farmers can use to rehabilitate their farmland and that can be modified for use elsewhere.
Food Technology
  • Feng-Juan LI, Li-Jun YIN, Yong-Qiang CHENG, Masayoshi SAITO, Kohji YAM ...
    原稿種別: ARTICLE
    2010 年 44 巻 2 号 p. 167-172
    発行日: 2010年
    公開日: 2012/02/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of thirty commercial Chinese style soy-paste were determined. All the aqueous sample extracts exhibited ACE inhibitory activities. Nine samples produced in Guangdong Province showed significantly higher ACE inhibitory activities than other samples (p ‹ 0.0001) and the strongest activity was detected with an extraordinarily low IC50 value of 0.012 mg/mL. Furthermore, these nine samples contained significantly lower peptide contents in line with the slighter proteolysis degrees and showed significantly lighter colors as evidenced by the higher L* (lightness) values than other samples (p ‹ 0.0001). It was indicated that special processing techniques depending on production regions might, to a large extent, affect the ACE inhibitory activities of Chinese soypaste. The findings in this work would be useful in exploring ACE inhibitors derived from Chinese style soypaste and designing functional products with potential antihypertensive effects.
Food Technology/Biomass Utillzation
  • Genta KANAI, Hitoshi KATO, Naonobu UMEDA, Kensuke OKADA, Morio MATSUZA ...
    原稿種別: ARTICLE
    2010 年 44 巻 2 号 p. 173-178
    発行日: 2010年
    公開日: 2012/02/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    We examined drying condition and its effects on qualities of rapeseed and sunflower, especially on oil qualities as measured by POV (peroxide value), AV (acid value) and color of oil. Initial moisture contents for rapeseed (Norin-48, Kirariboshi) were 38.7% w.b., 31.1% and 15.1% and for sunflower (Pioneer 63M80, Harurinzo) 31.5% w.b. and 15.8%. Each sample was dried unheated in a ventilation dryer for 24 hr, dried in an oven at 45°C, 55°C or 65°C for 24 hr, or dried in a circulating dryer (capacity: 1t) at unheated-55°C for 11 hr. Samples were expressed for oil with a small expeller. The oil samples were examined for POV, AV and the color of oil. POV of rapeseed oil was from 0.8 meq/kg for 45°C drying with 15.1% initial moisture content to 10.8 meq/kg for 65°C with 38.7% initial moisture content. POV of sunflower oil was from 1.9 meq/kg for 45°C drying with 15.8% initial moisture content to 6.8 meq/kg for 65°C with 31.5% initial moisture content. The early harvested rapeseed dried under higher temperature conditions had not only low oil quality measured by POV but also a green color stemming from chlorophyll. For AV a tendency that grain with higher moisture contents had higher AV was implied. According to the results, to avoid the degradation of oil quality the grain should be mature and initial moisture contents low enough to prevent deterioration; if the harvested rapeseed or sunflower grain have high moisture content, drying at lower temperatures is better to maintain the qualities of oil.
Forestry
  • Akira SHIMIZU, Masakazu SUZUKI, Shinji SAWANO, Naoki KABEYA, Tatsuhiko ...
    原稿種別: ARTICLE
    2010 年 44 巻 2 号 p. 179-186
    発行日: 2010年
    公開日: 2012/02/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    In this paper, we have measured many meteorological elements associated with evapotranspiration using a 60-m-high meteorological observation tower, runoff and precipitation of broad-leaf forest watersheds in the Kampong Thom Province of central Cambodia. Moreover, an interception plot was established for calculating the rainfall interception ratio by forest coverage close to the tower. Analyzing many kinds of observed data, we evaluated Stung Chinit watershed, which had the largest drainage area and an annual loss of ~1200 mm. This value was in agreement with annual evapotranspiration estimated in 2004 by the Bowen ratio energy balance method. The annual canopy interception rate, which is one of the most important hydrological factors in the forest, was approximately 15%. Also, the rainfall interception process was reproduced well according to the multilayer model. The available renewable freshwater resources in forested areas of the Mekong River basin were estimated by modeling. Annual available renewable freshwater resources in forested areas of the Mekong ranged from 300 to 2200 mm/year. The mountainous area of west Cambodia had vast renewable freshwater resources, and almost all regions had 500 mm/year. This result mostly corresponded to the amount of water resources in the largest evergreen forest experimental watershed including several small watersheds in central Cambodia.
  • Yasuhiro OHNUKI, Abdul Rahim NIK, Shoji NOGUCHI, Shozo SASAKI
    原稿種別: ARTICLE
    2010 年 44 巻 2 号 p. 187-196
    発行日: 2010年
    公開日: 2012/02/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    To prevent soil runoff from logging roads and skid trails, buffer zones are commonly established along both sides of streams. These buffers range in width from 10 to 100 m from the center of the stream, depending on stream width, (from 1 to › 40 m) as dictated by the Reduced-Impact Logging Guidelines for Lowland and Hill Dipterocarp Forests in Indonesia. In the Bukit Tarek Experimental Watershed in Malaysia, sediment accumulations were observed along narrow streams after logging despite the presence of 20-m-wide buffer zones, double the width set out in the guidelines. Thus, we examined erosion-accumulation depths on different slopes in 20-m-wide buffer zones to clarify the spatial effects on sediment discharge, particularly as it relates to the microtopography and the vegetation cover, including fallen trees. Some of the accumulation depths at lower elevations and along streams were small, whereas on steep concave slopes and hollows that extend to streams, large accumulations were observed 1 year after logging. These findings indicated that, although a 20-m-wide buffer zone may be partly effective at preventing sediment discharge, it is not adequate on concave slopes (lower side-hollows and channel walls) where surface flows often converge. We compared several physical properties of the surface soil in accumulated areas relative to undisturbed areas and demonstrated that bulk density was larger and total porosity and coarse porosity were smaller in the accumulated soils, especially on lower side-hollows. These results indicate that soils accumulated on concave slopes would accelerate the occurrence of surface flow. Tree distribution was not dense in the buffer zones, but fallen trees and the relatively dense understory vegetation including rattans and palms partly prevented the discharge of sediment into streams. Our findings suggested that 20-mwide buffer zones with dense fallen trees and understory vegetation are partly sufficient to prevent sediment discharge; however, along steep concave slopes and hollows where rain water converges, wider and thicker buffer zones are needed.
Fisheries
  • Tetsuro SHIRAISHI, Hiroshige TANAKA, Seiji OHSHIMO, Hirohumi ISHIDA, N ...
    原稿種別: ARTICLE
    2010 年 44 巻 2 号 p. 197-206
    発行日: 2010年
    公開日: 2012/02/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    Growth and reproductive characteristics of shortfin scad Decapterus macrosoma and mackerel scad D. macarellus collected in the waters off southern Kyushu were determined based on otolith readings and gonad histology, respectively. Translucent and opaque zones on sectioned otoliths were identified, and the number of opaque rings counted. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters of both species did not significantly differ between males and females, and the combined growth curves of D. macrosoma and D. macarellus were as follows: FLt = 346 [1 - exp {- 0.456 (t + 0.771)}] and FLt = 428 [1 - exp {- 0.310 (t + 0.821)}], respectively, where FLt is fork length (mm) at age t. The spawning period was evaluated to be from May to August for D. macrosoma and from April to July for D. macarellus based on the monthly changes in the gonadosomatic index and histological observations. The fork length at 50% maturity of females was estimated as 238 mm for D. macrosoma and 258 mm for D. macarellus, and maturity age was estimated for both species as 2 years old.
Farming System
  • Natchaya KHETKRATOK, Kaori AKAMA, Kenji SUZUKI, Vichai SRIBOONLUE
    原稿種別: ARTICLE
    2010 年 44 巻 2 号 p. 207-215
    発行日: 2010年
    公開日: 2012/02/16
    ジャーナル フリー
    For planning to construct a small-scale on-farm pond in rainfed agricultural areas, the selection of an appropriate location and capacity is extremely important in order to maximize the availability and hydrologic benefits of the pond. To identify both features, we used hydrologic functions related to water harvesting and distribution at existing on-farm ponds in Nong Saeng village, Khon Kaen Province, northeast Thailand. We used two indices, the water harvesting index (IHW) and the water distribution index (IDW), to evaluate the appropriateness of locations and capacities. The Soil Conservation Service (SCS) method and water balance method were used to calculate IHW, and GIS analysis was performed to identify the potential area for IDW. The evaluation showed that no on-farm pond in the study area had a good combination of both. This result indicates that it is necessary to select appropriate location and capacity by applying the indices before constructing a new on-farm pond.
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