This paper is intended to clarify the feasibility of multilayered learning support, including learner-supporter asymmetry, in particular, with regard to learning support mediated by daily life. Existing research on learning support in literacy learning has been oriented toward a symmetrical learner-supporter relationship. In this paper, we take such arguments into account and treat asymmetry in literacy learning as a factor that cannot necessarily be eliminated, but rather as a factor that promotes learning. In order to describe it concretely, we paid attention to the dynamics of the response of supporters to the lives of learners. The research method focused on paired learning at a voluntary evening junior high school in Fukuoka City, and the learning process was described mainly through participant observation and interviews. In addition, essays written by the learners and their supporters were used as supplementary materials. The results of the study showed that the response to daily life has not always been made in the context of active work by a supporter, but also in the context of narrative. Speci cally, the classroom practice was one of school space, but at the same time, it functioned as a place where fertile communication such as small talk and chit-chat were exchanged. Therefore, the person who was supposed to be the supporter was talking about himself or herself and being perceived by the learners. Through this process, the supporters experienced a reexamination of the values that had existed prior to their participation in the classroom, as typi ed by the school culture. Gradually, the way of being a supporter was defined in the form of returning what was received from other learners and supporters. In this way, we found that a form of learning support mediated by daily life was formed.

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This study clari es how school refusal was discussed in the 1980s and 1990s, using Eizaburo Yamashita’s school social work as a lens. Since the 1960s, prolonged school absence in Japan has drawn attention from a pathological viewpoint, such as “school phobia.” The link between truancy and medical care continues to be noted today. Focusing on the practice and philosophy of Yamashita, a school social worker active since the 1980s, this study examines the historical signi cance of his approach to parents and children, his critique of rapid economic growth, and his opposition to psychiatric framing. Yamashita’s work was instrumental in shi ing the perception of school refusal from “pathology and deviance” to a “human rights issue.” Framing school refusal as a rights issue marked a turning point in public perception. Yamashita’s intervention in uenced later movements and shaped policy responses to nonattendance.

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This study aims to comprehensively identify the structural components of life dif-  culties faced by individuals who were unable to receive adequate education during their school-age years. Focusing on students at Japanese night junior high schools̶institutions with a history of accepting adults who missed compulsory education̶the research analyzed life narratives from 245 individuals using an inductive coding method. Participants were classi ed into  ve groups: postwar Japanese youth, wartime-experienced Japanese, Korean residents in Japan, repatriates, and recent immigrants. The analysis revealed six major categories of di culties: (1) unstable family and economic conditions, (2) oppressive child labor environments, (3) traumatic experiences related to con ict and migration, (4) barriers in daily life due to limited Japanese language skills, (5) unstable employment, and (6) self-denial stemming from lack of basic knowledge and skills. These di culties were found to be rooted primarily in structural and societal issues, rather than individual factors. It was also found that life di culties varied across groups, re ecting distinct historical and social contexts. The identi ed components were closely tied to educational deprivation and contributed to long-term and lifelong disadvantages. This study highlights the social responsibility of past and present Japanese society and o ers perspectives on how society could be structured in the future.

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UNESCO began to emphasize the plurality of literacy in the early 2000s. This paper will refer to UNESCO’s use of the plurality of literacy from this period onwards as pluralistic literacy. Its foundation is grounded in digital technology, and the digitalization of society has had a signi cant impact on the literacy movement and policy. UNESCO’s concept of plurality of literacies also provides opportunities and power for people with literacy di culties to participate in civil society and to transform society. This paper examines the concept of pluralistic literacy and its development process, con rming the role of literacy in today’s digital age. Next, it examines the nature of pluralistic literacy from the perspective of guaranteeing basic education, using a case study from Nepal, a South Asian country with low adult literacy rates and chronic poverty. The issues of adulteducation and lifelong learning in the age of globalization are then raised.

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How can we build a multicultural, convivial society with people of diverse backgrounds? This paper examines the key role of the third sector （nonpro t organizations） in promoting multicultural conviviality and creating “ibasho”（ a social orpsychological place of belonging）, discussing their diverse activity and the importance of　institutionalization. Speci cally focusing on Amici del Parco Trotters, a volunteer organization founded by citizens in Milan, Italy, the 4th largest immigrant country in the EU, this study reexamines the legal definition of the third sector, their rights, financial management, and activities. Since the 1990s, while promoting the principle of subsidiarity, in which the central government delegates authority for administrative welfare services to local governments and the private sector, and institutionalizing the third sector as part of this process, Italy implemented a 5 per mille tax reform that allows taxpayers to donate up to 0.5% of their personal income tax to a third sector of their own choosing. Therefore non-pro t organizations with fragile  nancial conditions can be funded from a portion of the national tax base for their activities. Amici del Parco Trotters has also benefited from this, expanding its activities by networking with municipalities, businesses, and other organizations. They o er projects based on careful consideration, such as Italian language support（ Paroleingioco）, a multilingual library （Librotrotter）, and women-only projects for immigrant women facing gender gaps（ Spazio di Socialità, Atelier Trotter, etc.）. Additionally, the open space of the park, rich in nature, provided time and space for dialogue and interaction and encouraged learning and participation, providing ibasho to people with diverse backgrounds. The challenge of Amici del Parco Trotter toward the implementation of a convivial society o ers us insights for multicultural conviviality in Japan. The key to the future will be how non-profit organizations can provide community-based support and create “ibasho” and how the national system can be designed to support it.

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