Despite of the fact that the origine of the medical treatment is as old as the human history, the expression "Medical Technology" has appeared quite recently.The reasons for it are that the medicine did not have the enough basis to call its means as technology, and that the demands of the clients who receive the medical services are particular.In the process of the modernization and the objectivization, in perticular, of the medicine which occured since the 19 century, it appeared that the medicine got the firm foundation at last.But, after the world war, the rise of the "Human Rights"are undermining its basis once again.In particular, from the stand point of the human rights, it is required that the right to persuit the highest welfare, the right of self-determination and the right of equity should be satisfied at least, but, it is unavoidable that the pursuit of the simultaneous realization of these rights leads us into the contradictory situation.Therefore, it is required that, upon the full understanding of the limits of the objectivization, we establish a method for evaluating its effectiveness and construct a system for the social consensus.

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After a short review of the past and recent trends of industrial organization studies on technological progress, we define four important features of modern technologies, and give a brief note on their influence to antitrust policy.We insist that antitrust should increase its importance in order to maintain the competitive world market in this new technological era.

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The open Socio-Technical System idea that was developed by Tavistock Institute in U.K. was trasmitted to and practiced in the Scandinavian countries since 1960's.In these countries, theoreticians and practicians have developed many variations of Tavistock's Socio-Technical System Theory.But, among them, influential and important approaches to humanization of working life are followings;(a)Norwegian Industrial Democracy Approach, (b)URAF(Development Council for Collaboration Question in Sweden)Approach, (c)SAF(Swedish Employers'Confederation)Approach, (d)Trade Union Oriented Approach by LO(Swedish Trade Union Confrederation)and ALC(Swedish Center for Working Life), and AI's(Work Research Institutes in Norwey)new Approach.In this paper, I will compare these approaches, and explain why experiments of humanization of working life by approach(a), (b)and (d)are few and in contrast with these, expriments based on approach (c) and (e) are many.Afeter these consideration, I will show under what conditions further developed humanization will be attained in many shops.

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The concept of the 'open-system'is very useful in the sociology of science.This article has two main purposes.First, to propose an open-system model of modern scientific enterprise.And second, based on this model, to give a theoretical insight into the 'uncontrollableness'of modern science.According to this 'open-system'model, the most fundamental goal of scientific enterprise is to keep itself stationary.Robert Merton pointed out that the institutional goal of science is the extension of certified knowledge.However, the extension of knowledge is not the real goal of science, but the natural outcome of the operation of scientific knowledge production system.This system have to produce ever new and powerful knowledge constantly.As a result, scientific production system should be inherently expansive, or expansionist.Max Weber pointed out that our ability to control the conditions of our external world constantly increases with the advancement of scientific knowledge.In reality, the situation is quite the contrary;the scientific production system produces more uncontrollable power than power for control.To make matters worse, 'privatized science'has been growing rapidly.The greater part of scientific system is monopolized by powerful interest groups.Therefore, it is increasingly difficult to apply control over scientific production system.There are two main obstacles to control the scientific system;the inherent expansiveness and 'privatization'of this system.Therefore, it is very difficult to control the anarchistic power of science, unless we radically change the structure of the present scientific production system.

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In 1853 Commodore M.C.Perry commanding a squadron of U.S.S. came to Japan and forced her to open the door.Unequal treaties were concluded with U.S.A. and European Countries from 1854 to 1858.To recover perfect sovereignty and to maintain independence the new Imperial Government established two principles viz.Rich Country and Strong Armed forces.Revision of the unequal treaties was aimed as the first target.For that purpose it was necessary for Japan to be recognized as a civilized nation by foreign Governments and Parliaments.Legislation must be made quickly, revenue must be asured and the appearance of central business district of Tokyo must be made up like European ones.The revenue was mainly supported by land tax.Therefore newly established land ownership was quite strong, on the other hand force of town planning and land use controle was limited in minimum.Those initial conditionss have caused the base of high land price and the inconsistency between actual administration and formal legislation.Such a historical development of social and economic system has had decisive influence on the physical, social and economic state of today.And would have in comming yeras.

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A strategy is a "conceptual framework"that brings contradictions between the business and the marketplace into hermony, while endeavoring to remove them at the same time.The strategy deals with conceptions of measures taken within the market, therefore, it may be best described as a systematic theoretical process.It is simply not possible to conquer the contradictions and initiate business harmony without an innovative concept-whether it is on a business analysis level or within the primary stage of formulating a hypothesis.An adjustment of various opinions and conflicts in the course of identifying the contradictions may be successful and even function as a prerequisite in the law-making process, however, it will never be such within the business world.The bottom line is that it simply will not work.Without creating a totally new world that sets its past aside, a company will not have any change in its corporate direction and environment.In short, "There is no harmony without creation."

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"Self-Organizing" has become a key-concept in social science as in natural science.Transfering that concept from natural science to social, we must introduce the concept of "self-reference".Because in the self-organizing processes in social systems, individual factors interact with consiousness.The models of self-reference of social system have been discussed very few in social sciences.One of the rear exception is strategic decision making theory in the field of management.But these theories of strategic decison have the model that projects the past to future linearly.So we have no merit of introducing the self-organizing model as a device of break-through of linear model.If we seek the non-linear model of self-reference, the system of I-Ching(易経)can be used as a decision support device.I-Ching is not system of fortune-telling.It has been designed to denote the phase of change of some systems or phenomena to decision maker.Through the procedure defined by I-Ching, decision maker gets one phase of change out of possible 64 variation.Then he consults I-Ching that explains the meanings and nature of change in equivocal and symbolic expression.This means, for the decision maker, to dissolve the premise of the decision and interpretation of the world, and then to reconstruct them from informations in his or her hand along the direction which I-Ching indicates.

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