The anatomical features of the kidney in cats can be described as a series assemblies of renal lobules in terms of electrical alignment. Interlobular arteries may become hypoxic and malfunction on a lobular basis. Therefore, the progression of renal dysfunction in cats is faster than that in humans and dogs. Approximately 70% of cats with CKD have no urinary protein leakage. The cause is hypothesized to be a decrease in glomerular filtration pressure by blood circulation failure in the interlobular arteries. Beraprost sodium improves renal blood flow and maintains renal function when renal blood flow is reduced by CKD progression.

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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common disorder and cause of death in cats. We previously identified novel biomarker candidates in CKD using urine proteome analysis. We developed an enzyme immunoassay that enables the measurement of urine carboxylesterase 5A fragment levels. The ELISA performance was satisfactory in terms of recovery (96.1-106.4%), and within-run (3.5-5.1%) and between-day (4.8-8.2%) reproducibility. The sandwich ELISA developed in this study will be useful to confirm the diagnostic significance of urine carboxylesterase 5A fragment levels.

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In dogs and cats, cystostomy of approximately 1 cm in diameter at the abdominal wall has been conventionally performed for cases of urethra obstruction and neuropathic bladder. However, the conventional method causes complications such as early fistula obstruction and urinary infection. In contrast, we report that cystostomy at the abdominal wall with a larger diameter than that for the conventional method effectively resolved these complications.

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A bladder mass with bilateral ureteral dilatation was observed in a French bulldog with polydipsia. Palliative surgery using the SUB system was performed to avoid urinary tract obstruction. NSAID therapy and urinary tract infection management were carried out without obstruction of the urinary tract / kidney. However, it became difficult for the dog to stand from the 246th day of disease and it died on the 264th day.

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In an age of advancing endoscopic and lithotripsy technologies, the management of urolithiasis poses a unique opportunity to advance compassionate veterinary care, not only for patients with urolithiasis but for those with other urinary diseases as well. The following are consensus‐derived, research and experience‐supported, patient‐centered recommendations for the treatment and prevention of uroliths in dogs and cats utilizing contemporary strategies. Ultimately, we hope that these recommendations will serve as a foundation for ongoing and future clinical research and inspiration for innovative problem solving.

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In an age of advancing endoscopic and lithotripsy technologies, the management of urolithiasis poses a unique opportunity to advance compassionate veterinary care, not only for patients with urolithiasis but for those with other urinary diseases as well. The following are consensus‐derived, research and experience‐supported, patient‐centered recommendations for the treatment and prevention of uroliths in dogs and cats utilizing contemporary strategies. Ultimately, we hope that these recommendations will serve as a foundation for ongoing and future clinical research and inspiration for innovative problem solving.

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