1. A bronchographic study was carried out with an object of clarifying the physiopathological significance of bronchial movement and an analysis by motion pictures made on the state of movement of the bronchi in various diseases from the fluoroscopic plates.
2. Bronchial movements may be divided into following fundamental movement: movement of tracheal carina and bronchial spurs; expansion and contraction of the lumen of the bronchus; elongation and shortening of the bronchus; torsion of the bronchus and pulsatory movement of the heart and great vessels.
The displacement of the bronchus may be divided into the deviation of the stem bronchus and that of the peripheral bronchi.
The movement of the peripheral bronchi was studied according to the displacement by pendulum and chordal movements.
3. The movement of the bronchus is most marked at the time of coughing. All the bronchi do not uniformy contract during the expulsive movement, but show rapid successive contraction beginning at periphery and moving toward the trachea.
4. The peristaltic movement of bronchus was not recognized.
5. There was noted a increasing bronchial movement with gravity of the pulmonary tuberculosis. In mild case of pulmonary tuberculosis a pendulum movement and torsion of bronchi were recognized. In serious cases, howerver, chordal movement was noted and torsion of the bronchi was found to have disappeared. The emptying of a contrast media is rather rapid in mild cases and is prolonged in far advanced cases.
6. In tuberculous stenosis of the main bronchus the lumen of the stenosed area shows a widening in deep inspiration, however, the expulsion of a contrast media on coughing is obstructed. This indicates an interference of the pulmonary ventillation due to stenosis. The bronchial lumen created by anastomosis shows normal patency and movement. No stagnation of the contrast media is reconized on coughing. This indicates that the ventillation of residual lung is improved by surgery of the bronchus.
7. In bronchial asthma the filling of a contrast media into bronchi is rather poor. The bronchi generally show narrowing and sometimes spasmodic contractions are recognized. This indicates an increased resistance of the air passage and a disturbance of ventillation.
8, As to the relationspip between bronchial movement and pleural adhesion it was found that the displacement of peripheral bronchi and torsion of bronchi are closely related with pleural adhesion.
9. When there is present a ventillation disturbance the bronchial movements are generally restricted. In obstructive ventillation disturbance the filling and emptying of a contrast media is poor and in mixed ventillation distrubance, conditions differ according to the factors which are responsible for the disturbance.

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The larygeal, tracheal and syringeal muscles of several birds (Gallus gallus var. Domesticus Brisson, Otus asio Teminck & Schlegel, Melopsittacus undulatus and Corvus levaillantii japonensis) were observed anatomically under binocular microscope, in paying attention to that the tone production of birds are performed not by larynx but by syrinx, and these muscles originate from the sterno-hyoid muscle system. Following results are obtained:-
1 The laryngeal muscles are classified in delator and constrictor. The constrictor muscles are different according to the kind of birds, yet M. crico-arytenoideus lateralis, M. cricoideus dorsalis, and M. interarytenoideus are discriminated.
2 Gallus gallus var. domesticus Brisson and Otusasio T. & S. make their tracheas move up and downby working M. sterno-trachealis and M. tracheo-lateralis to shut and open the space between the internal and external tympaniformic membrane, and by this movement the tone production and respiration are performed.
3 Melopsittacus undulatus are absent of M. sterno-trachealis, but M. tracheo-lateralis, M. tracheo-bronchialis, and M. syringecs contribute to the movement of syrinx.
4 Syringeal muscles of Corvus levaillantii japonensis are classified in M. cleido-trachealis, M. tracheo-lateralis, Mm. tracheo-bronchiales, M. tracheo-bronchialis dorsalis brevis, and Mm. syringei.
5 The laryngeal muscls are chiefly innervated with glossopharyngeal nerve. The muscles connected with syrinx are controlled doubly by the upper and lower laryngeal branch of the hypoglosso-cervical nerve and the syringeal branch of the recurrent nerve.
6 The syringeal branch of the recurrent nerve does not anastomose with the upper laryngeal branch of the hypoglossal nerve, going to among the muscle bundles of the tracheo-laterl muscle, and anastomoses with the branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve at the upper portion of the trachea. I confirmed this in Gallus gallus var. domesticus Brisson, Otus asio T. & S. Melopsittacus undulatus.

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Applying streptomycin locally to bronchial lesion in pulmonary and bronchial tuberculosis observations were made bacteriologically and cytologically on bronchial secretion for varying periods of time. The results obtained were as follows:
1. The mixed infection, including the infection of staphylococci, streptococci, anddiplococci was most frequently seen in the bronchial secretion.
2. There is a tendency of a decrease in number of poly-nuclear leucocytes, histiocytes and also of bacteria. A decrease in kind of the bacterial organisms was observed as result of the treatment.
3. Macroscopic findings of the invaded bronchus revealed good results following the treatment.
4. From standpoint of local therapy one should not overlook the importance of treatment of not only for tuberculosis but also for the infection caused by suppurative organisms in the case of bronchial tuberculosis.

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Authors report theree cases of drowned lung: one in a child and two in adult.
According to the authors the concept of drowned lung seems to vary among internists and other specialistis. Bronchoscopic treatment for this condition should not be considered simple. Authors emphasize the importance for general practitioners to acquaint themselves with the true nature of this serious condition.

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A broncholith was found by bronchoscopic examination and was removed in a 56 year old female who hod been suffering from bronchiectasis for a mumber of years. A few remarks were made relating to broncholithiasis.

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The aphonia or hoaseness caused by the paralyses of the vagus or recurrent nerve as a result operation of struma or tumor of cervix, a surgical treatment is required when the compensatory function non-affected side is in sufficient, operative technichs; The inferior margin of thyroid-cartilage and curved portion of the cricoid cartilage were found with silver-wire, and shortend the relative distance.
This method was effective in regaining the voice in two examples of the paralysis of recurrent nerve caused by the operation of struma.
2) As a modification of Meurman's method, the cartilage of auricule was inside of thyroid cartilage, then the voice was regained.
The example was the paralyses of the cerebral nerve, the paralyses of tenth, eleventh and twelveth nerve, caused by the extirpation of benign tumor on the left side of cervix, and the voice kept its resonant sound for three weeks, but later became hoarse. This is regarded as a shortage of cartilage which was inserted.

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A case of secondary pancandidasis in cancer of the right lung of 78 year old man was presented with a record of three month clinical courese since August, 1954 In addition, results of mycological and immunological studies which were made of the strain isolated were also presented.
The Candida strain isolated from blood and urine showed an appreciable resemblance to Candida humicola.
Immunologically, positive result was obtained in skin test at a concentration of 0.1γ/cc, while inprecipitation reaction at 125γ/cc. (polysaccharide fraction antigen). Moreover, agglutination reaction was poritive even in 5160-fold with the strain isolated from blood. Compliment fixation reaction was proved to be strongly positive.

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A statistical review of 402 foreign body cases that were seen in the food passage during the 27 year priod from 1932 to 1858 is reported. The foreign bodies in the food passage accurred in 0.64% of the total patients, and the sex ratio was 64.7% and 35.3% with males preponderating. The age range was from 6 months to 88 years. Majority of ftoreign bodies were found under 10 years of age, while the greateast concentration of cases was in children under 5 years old. Under aged 10 years coins occurred most of ten and fishbones were most frequently found in patients over 11 years old.
A decreasing tendency of foreign body cases in the food passage was noted since 1942 to 1950, However, they showed an increase since 1951 due most likely to the increased utilization of coins in recent years.
The anatomic location of lodgement of foreign bodies was as follows: pharynx 24.9%, cervical esophagus 53.2%, midesophagus 10.7%, stomach and intestines 9.5%. Mojority of the foreign bodies in the pharynx were fishbones and in the cervical esophagus coins comprised the largest group of foreign bodies, and from the midesophagus fishbones and artificial tooth were most frequently sound.
In this series of cases there were 6 deaths. The mortality rate was 2.05 in the esohpageal foreign bodies, but after the advent of antibiotics there has been no death.

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Authors report 60 cases of foreign bodies of the respiratory tract which were seen during 1932-1958 period at the Dept. of Otolaryngology of Kanazawa University School of Medicine.
1) Endonasal foreign bodies consisted of paper objects, nuts, and beans occurring mainly in children between ages 3 and 4 years. Those in which the diagnosis was delayed from 4 to 16 months snowed foul nasal discharges.
2) Symptoms of laryngeal foreign bodies resembled those of laryngeal diphtheria. For this reason two out of four cases were misdiagnosed.
3) 70% of foreign bodies of the tracheobronchial tree were seen in males. They were found in trachea 6 times, in the right bronchus 14 times, in the left bronchus 3 times and location unknown 1. All 3 cases of foreign bodies in the left bronchus were treated for pulmonary tuberculosis or pneumonia for varying period of 3 to 12 months.
4) Foreignbodies in the tracheobronchial tree were 5 beans, 4 seeds 3 pins, 2 each of nails and pencil caps.
5) There was one death in this series.

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